Go语言旅行二 A Tour of Go

[b]Constants[/b]
常量
Constants are declared like variables, but with the const keyword.
常量像变量一样声明，但是用常量关键字const
Constants can be character, string, boolean, or numeric values.
常量可以是字节，字符串，布尔 或数字

package main

import "fmt"

const Pi = 3.14

func main() {
	const World = "世界"
	fmt.Println("Hello", World)
	fmt.Println("Happy", Pi, "Day")

	const Truth = true
	fmt.Println("Go rules?", Truth)
}

输出：
Hello 世界
Happy 3.14 Day
Go rules? true

[b]Numeric Constants[/b]
数值常量
Numeric constants are high-precision values.
数值常量是高精度值
An untyped constant takes the type needed by its context.
未定义类型常量根据上下文来确定类型
Try printing needInt(Big) too.
也可以试着输出printing needInt(Big)

package main

import "fmt"

const (
	Big = 1<<100
	Small = Big>>99
)

func needInt(x int) int { return x*10 + 1 }
func needFloat(x float64) float64 {
	return x*0.1
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(needInt(Small))
	fmt.Println(needFloat(Small))
	fmt.Println(needFloat(Big))

}

输出：
21
0.2
1.2676506002282295e+29

fmt.Println(needInt(Big))
prog.go:19: constant 1267650600228229401496703205376 overflows int

[b]For[/b]

Go has only one looping construct, the for loop.
Go只有一个循环管结构体就是for循环
The basic for loop looks as it does in C or Java, except that the ( ) are gone (they are not even optional) and the { } are required.
基本的for循环看起来和C或Java，除了（）不见了，（）是可选项，但是{}是必须的

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	sum := 0
	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
		sum += i
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}

输出：
45

As in C or Java, you can leave the pre and post statements empty.
像C或Java，你可以设置前后都是空

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	sum := 1
	for ; sum < 1000; {
		sum += sum
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}

输出：
1024

At that point you can drop the semicolons
如果是那样的话你可以去掉分号

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
	sum := 1
	for sum < 1000 {
		sum += sum
	}
	fmt.Println(sum)
}

If you omit the loop condition, it loops forever.
如果你省略了循环条件，死循环

package main

func main() {
	for ; ; {
	}
}

And with no clauses at all, the semicolons can be omitted, so an infinite loop is compactly expressed.
根本没有语句的话，分号省略，于是一个无限循环可以简洁的表示

package main

func main() {
	for {
	}
}

[b]If[/b]

The if statement looks as it does in C or Java, except that the ( ) are gone (they are not even optional) and the { } are required.
If语句看起来和在C或Java中一样，除了不见了（）
(Sound familiar?)
看起来很眼熟啊？哈哈

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func sqrt(x float64) string {
	if x < 0 {
		return sqrt(-x) + "i"
	}
	return fmt.Sprint(math.Sqrt(x))
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(sqrt(2), sqrt(-4))
}

输出：
1.4142135623730951 2i

Like for, the if statement can start with a short statement to execute before the condition.
像for，if语句能在条件前执行段语句
Variables declared by the statement are only in scope until the end of the if.
语句的变量声明的范围直到if结束

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func pow(x, n, lim float64) float64 {
	if v := math.Pow(x, n); v < lim {
		return v
	}
	return lim
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(
		pow(3, 2, 10),
		pow(3, 3, 20),
	)
}

输出：
9 20

Variables declared inside an if's short statement are also available inside any of the else blocks.
在if's里的变量声明在else块里也可用

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
)

func pow(x, n, lim float64) float64 {
	if v := math.Pow(x, n); v < lim {
		return v
	} else {
		fmt.Printf("%g >= %g\n", v, lim)
	}
	// can't use v here, though
	return lim
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(
		pow(3, 2, 10),
		pow(3, 3, 20),
	)
}

输出：
27 >= 20
9 20