linux：gcc undefined reference之-l选项位置

作者：jafon.tian

转载请注明出处：https://blog.csdn.net/JT_Notes

今天遇到一个有意思的问题，本来想写个程序验证一个简单的数学问题，结果编译的时候就报出了“undefined reference”错误。
程序很简单，就是求一个算数值，调用了libm库的log10函数。

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        int n = 2;
        double rlt = 0;
        while((rlt = 8*log10(n) - n ) >= 0){
                printf("n = %d, 8*log10(n) - n = %f\n", n, rlt);
                n++;
        }
        return 0;
}

编译命令如下，直接就报了undefined reference。

$ gcc -lm cal_n.c
/tmp/ccJblzYa.o: In function `main':
cal_n.c:(.text+0x50): undefined reference to `log10'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

看来又得使用-v看看详细情况了

$ gcc -lm cal_n.c -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/lto-wrapper
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-5/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,java,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --program-suffix=-5 --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --with-sysroot=/ --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --with-system-zlib --disable-browser-plugin --enable-java-awt=gtk --enable-gtk-cairo --with-java-home=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64/jre --enable-java-home --with-jvm-root-dir=/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64 --with-jvm-jar-dir=/usr/lib/jvm-exports/java-1.5.0-gcj-5-amd64 --with-arch-directory=amd64 --with-ecj-jar=/usr/share/java/eclipse-ecj.jar --enable-objc-gc --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 5.4.0 20160609 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10) 
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/cc1 -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu cal_n.c -quiet -dumpbase cal_n.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase cal_n -version -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -o /tmp/ccG2ZyKp.s
GNU C11 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10) version 5.4.0 20160609 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
        compiled by GNU C version 5.4.0 20160609, GMP version 6.1.0, MPFR version 3.1.4, MPC version 1.0.3
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/include-fixed
 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
 /usr/include
End of search list.
GNU C11 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.10) version 5.4.0 20160609 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
        compiled by GNU C version 5.4.0 20160609, GMP version 6.1.0, MPFR version 3.1.4, MPC version 1.0.3
GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
Compiler executable checksum: bab7da148afbe213714f0f38814b36b0
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccknjpvg.o /tmp/ccG2ZyKp.s
GNU assembler version 2.26.1 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.26.1
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccITLVh7.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --sysroot=/ --build-id --eh-frame-hdr -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 -z relro /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../.. -lm /tmp/ccknjpvg.o -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed -lc -lgcc --as-needed -lgcc_s --no-as-needed /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
/tmp/ccknjpvg.o: In function `main':
cal_n.c:(.text+0x50): undefined reference to `log10'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

刚开始这种链接错误肯定是没有找到库文件，那就从搜索路径入手呗，结果在/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu目录下发现了libm.a和libm.so，看来库文件是肯定找到了，拿到库文件里面没有log10函数？好吧，看看呗

$ readelf -a libm.a | grep log10 | more
File: libm.a(w_log10.o)
00000000000b  000a00000002 R_X86_64_PC32     0000000000000000 __ieee754_log10 - 4
     9: 0000000000000000    86 FUNC    GLOBAL DEFAULT    1 __log10
    10: 0000000000000000     0 NOTYPE  GLOBAL DEFAULT  UND __ieee754_log10
    13: 0000000000000000    86 FUNC    WEAK   DEFAULT    1 log10
$ cat libm.so
/* GNU ld script
*/
OUTPUT_FORMAT(elf64-x86-64)
GROUP ( /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6  AS_NEEDED ( /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmvec_nonshared.a /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmvec.so.1 ) )
$ nm -D /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 | grep log10 | more
0000000000021de0 W log10

得了，都有，那又是什么个意思呢？好吧，估计是-l的用法不对咯，那就man一下咯，在description一节中，下面这句话引起了我的注意

You can mix options and other arguments.  For the most part, the order you use doesn't matter.  Order does matter when you use several options of the same kind; for example, if you specify -L more than once, the directories are searched in the order specified.  Also, the placement of the -l option is significant.

也就是说-L和-l是位置相关的选项，再来看看-l的具体说明

-llibrary
-l library
...
It makes a difference where in the command you write this option; the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the order they are specified.  Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z after file foo.o but before bar.o.  If bar.o refers to functions in z, those functions may not be loaded.
...

原来问题在顺序上！！！
gcc -lm cal_n.c，-lm在cal_n.c之前，gcc遇到-lm的时候发现并没有需要load任何函数，所以在链接cal_n的时候也就找不到log10了，好吧，换个顺序

$ gcc cal_n.c -lm
$ ls
a.out  cal_n.c

成功咯。