J - Examining the Rooms HDU - 3625

 A murder happened in the hotel. As the best detective in the town, you should examine all the N rooms of the hotel immediately. However, all the doors of the rooms are locked, and the keys are just locked in the rooms, what a trap! You know that there is exactly one key in each room, and all the possible distributions are of equal possibility. For example, if N = 3, there are 6 possible distributions, the possibility of each is 1/6. For convenience, we number the rooms from 1 to N, and the key for Room 1 is numbered Key 1, the key for Room 2 is Key 2, etc.
To examine all the rooms, you have to destroy some doors by force. But you don’t want to destroy too many, so you take the following strategy: At first, you have no keys in hand, so you randomly destroy a locked door, get into the room, examine it and fetch the key in it. Then maybe you can open another room with the new key, examine it and get the second key. Repeat this until you can’t open any new rooms. If there are still rooms un-examined, you have to randomly pick another unopened door to destroy by force, then repeat the procedure above, until all the rooms are examined.
Now you are only allowed to destroy at most K doors by force. What’s more, there lives a Very Important Person in Room 1. You are not allowed to destroy the doors of Room 1, that is, the only way to examine Room 1 is opening it with the corresponding key. You want to know what is the possibility of that you can examine all the rooms finally. 

Input
The first line of the input contains an integer T (T ≤ 200), indicating the number of test cases. Then T cases follow. Each case contains a line with two numbers N and K. (1 < N ≤ 20, 1 ≤ K < N)
Output
Output one line for each case, indicating the corresponding possibility. Four digits after decimal point are preserved by rounding.
Sample Input

3
3 1
3 2
4 2

Sample Output

0.3333
0.6667
0.6250

Hint

Sample Explanation

When N = 3, there are 6 possible distributions of keys:

    Room 1  Room 2  Room 3  Destroy Times
#1  Key 1   Key 2   Key 3   Impossible
#2  Key 1   Key 3   Key 2   Impossible
#3  Key 2   Key 1   Key 3   Two
#4  Key 3   Key 2   Key 1   Two
#5  Key 2   Key 3   Key 1   One
#6  Key 3   Key 1   Key 2   One

In the first two distributions, because Key 1 is locked in Room 1 itself and you can’t destroy Room 1, it is impossible to open Room 1. 
In the third and forth distributions, you have to destroy Room 2 and 3 both. In the last two distributions, you only need to destroy one of Room 2 or Room 

第一类斯特林数，显然开门相当于一个形成环的过程，等价于n个数最多生成k个环。
首先钥匙在房间的不同方案共n!种。
其次求开所有门的方案总数，显然要求所有stling[n][i] (1 <= i <= k)
由于要求不能数字1不能单独成环，则每次相加stling[n][i]都要减去stling[n][i - 1]，因为形成i个环时，对于1单独成环的情况，剩下的就是n - 1个数形成i - 1个环。

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdio>
#include <queue>
#include <stack>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
//use the stling number to do this job
int n,k;
long long stling[25][25];//i numbers to former j rings
long long f[25];//to get the i!
void init(){
    //n!
    f[0] = 1;
    for(int i = 1;i <= 20;++i){
        f[i] = f[i - 1] * i;
      //  cout << f[i] << endl;
    }
    //stling numbers
    stling[0][0] = 1;
    for(int i = 1;i <= 20;++i){
        for(int j = 1;j <= i;++j){
            stling[i][j] = stling[i - 1][j - 1] + (i - 1) * stling[i - 1][j];
         //   cout << stling[i][j] << endl;
        }
    }
    //when the room 1 to former a ring,can sub the stling[n - 1][k - 1];
}
int main()
{
    int T;
    init();
    cin >> T;
    while(T--){
        cin >> n >> k;
        long long sum = 0;
        for(int i = 1;i <= k;++i){
            sum = sum + stling[n][i] - stling[n - 1][i - 1];
        }
        cout.setf(ios::fixed);
        cout << setprecision(4) << sum * 1.0 / f[n] << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}