[Stirling] HDU 3625 Examining the Rooms

传送门：Examining the Rooms

Examining the Rooms

Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others)    Memory Limit: 32768/32768 K (Java/Others)
Total Submission(s): 957    Accepted Submission(s): 562

Problem Description

A murder happened in the hotel. As the best detective in the town, you should examine all the N rooms of the hotel immediately. However, all the doors of the rooms are locked, and the keys are just locked in the rooms, what a trap! You know that there is exactly one key in each room, and all the possible distributions are of equal possibility. For example, if N = 3, there are 6 possible distributions, the possibility of each is 1/6. For convenience, we number the rooms from 1 to N, and the key for Room 1 is numbered Key 1, the key for Room 2 is Key 2, etc.
To examine all the rooms, you have to destroy some doors by force. But you don’t want to destroy too many, so you take the following strategy: At first, you have no keys in hand, so you randomly destroy a locked door, get into the room, examine it and fetch the key in it. Then maybe you can open another room with the new key, examine it and get the second key. Repeat this until you can’t open any new rooms. If there are still rooms un-examined, you have to randomly pick another unopened door to destroy by force, then repeat the procedure above, until all the rooms are examined.
Now you are only allowed to destroy at most K doors by force. What’s more, there lives a Very Important Person in Room 1. You are not allowed to destroy the doors of Room 1, that is, the only way to examine Room 1 is opening it with the corresponding key. You want to know what is the possibility of that you can examine all the rooms finally.

 

Input

The first line of the input contains an integer T (T ≤ 200), indicating the number of test cases. Then T cases follow. Each case contains a line with two numbers N and K. (1 < N ≤ 20, 1 ≤ K < N)

 

Output

Output one line for each case, indicating the corresponding possibility. Four digits after decimal point are preserved by rounding.

 

Sample Input

  
  

   
   3
3 1
3 2
4 2
  
  

 

Sample Output

  
  

   
   0.3333
0.6667
0.6250

   
   

    
    

     
     Hint
    
    
Sample Explanation

When N = 3, there are 6 possible distributions of keys:

	Room 1	Room 2	Room 3	Destroy Times
#1	Key 1	Key 2	Key 3	Impossible
#2	Key 1	Key 3	Key 2	Impossible
#3	Key 2	Key 1	Key 3	Two
#4	Key 3	Key 2	Key 1	Two
#5	Key 2	Key 3	Key 1	One
#6	Key 3	Key 1	Key 2	One

In the first two distributions, because Key 1 is locked in Room 1 itself and you can’t destroy Room 1, it is impossible to open Room 1. 
In the third and forth distributions, you have to destroy Room 2 and 3 both. In the last two distributions, you only need to destroy one of Room 2 or Room 

   
   
   
    
  
  

 

Source

2010 Asia Regional Tianjin Site —— Online Contest

解题报告：

此题为第一类Stirling（斯特灵数）。

关于第一类Stirling，你应该了解以下基础：

然后此题题意为：

致谢：ACM_cxlove

钥匙与门的对应关系呈现出环。打开一个门之后，环内的所有房间都可以进入。也就是说N个房间形成1--K个环的可能有多大。N个房间N个钥匙的总数为N！。
之后是求N个房间形成i个环的总数。
题目还有个特殊要求，不能破1号的门。
也就是说1号不能独立成环，否则就失败。

S（n,r）=(n-1)*S(n-1,r)+S(n-1,r-1)表示的正是n个元素形个r个非空循环排列的方法数。

根据题意1独立为环，所以求和为s(n,r)-s(n-1,r-1) n个元素形成 r个环，减去除了1之外的n-1个元素形成r-1个环

代码如下：

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<cmath>
#define eps 1e-7
using namespace std;
long long fac[21]={1};
long long stir1[21][21];
int main(){
   for(int i=1;i<=20;i++)    //阶乘
        fac[i]=fac[i-1]*i;
    for(int i=1;i<=20;i++){  //S(n,k)三角形
        stir1[i][0]=0;
        stir1[i][i]=1;
        for(int j=1;j<i;j++)
            stir1[i][j]=stir1[i-1][j-1]+(i-1)*stir1[i-1][j];   //递推式
    }
    int t,n,k;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--){
        scanf("%d%d",&n,&k);
        if(n==1||k==0){
            printf("0.0000\n");
            continue;
        }
        long long sum=0;
        for(int i=1;i<=k;i++)
            sum+=stir1[n][i]-stir1[n-1][i-1];
        printf("%.4lf\n",(double)sum/fac[n]);
    }
    return 0;
}