CMake - 生成器（Generators）

一、介绍

CMake是一个构建系统生成器，可以使用单个CMakeLists.txt为不同平台上的不同工具集配置项目。您可以在CMakeLists.txt中描述构建系统必须运行的操作，以配置并编译代码。基于这些指令，CMake将为所选的构建系统(Unix Makefile、Ninja、Visual Studio等等)生成相应的指令。

CMake针对不同平台支持本地构建工具列表。同时支持命令行工具(如Unix Makefile和Ninja)和集成开发环境(IDE)工具。用以下命令，可在平台上找到生成器名单，以及已安装的CMake版本：

cmake --help

Linux系统下输出：

Generators

The following generators are available on this platform (* marks default):
* Unix Makefiles               = Generates standard UNIX makefiles.
  Green Hills MULTI            = Generates Green Hills MULTI files
                                 (experimental, work-in-progress).
  Ninja                        = Generates build.ninja files.
  Watcom WMake                 = Generates Watcom WMake makefiles.
  CodeBlocks - Ninja           = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - Unix Makefiles  = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeLite - Ninja             = Generates CodeLite project files.
  CodeLite - Unix Makefiles    = Generates CodeLite project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Ninja       = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Unix Makefiles
                               = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Kate - Ninja                 = Generates Kate project files.
  Kate - Unix Makefiles        = Generates Kate project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Ninja         = Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Unix Makefiles= Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.

Windows系统下输出：

Generators

The following generators are available on this platform (* marks default):
  Visual Studio 16 2019        = Generates Visual Studio 2019 project files.
                                 Use -A option to specify architecture.
* Visual Studio 15 2017 [arch] = Generates Visual Studio 2017 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "ARM".
  Visual Studio 14 2015 [arch] = Generates Visual Studio 2015 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "ARM".
  Visual Studio 12 2013 [arch] = Generates Visual Studio 2013 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "ARM".
  Visual Studio 11 2012 [arch] = Generates Visual Studio 2012 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "ARM".
  Visual Studio 10 2010 [arch] = Generates Visual Studio 2010 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "IA64".
  Visual Studio 9 2008 [arch]  = Generates Visual Studio 2008 project files.
                                 Optional [arch] can be "Win64" or "IA64".
  Borland Makefiles            = Generates Borland makefiles.
  NMake Makefiles              = Generates NMake makefiles.
  NMake Makefiles JOM          = Generates JOM makefiles.
  MSYS Makefiles               = Generates MSYS makefiles.
  MinGW Makefiles              = Generates a make file for use with
                                 mingw32-make.
  Green Hills MULTI            = Generates Green Hills MULTI files
                                 (experimental, work-in-progress).
  Unix Makefiles               = Generates standard UNIX makefiles.
  Ninja                        = Generates build.ninja files.
  Ninja Multi-Config           = Generates build-<Config>.ninja files.
  Watcom WMake                 = Generates Watcom WMake makefiles.
  CodeBlocks - MinGW Makefiles = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - NMake Makefiles = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - NMake Makefiles JOM
                               = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - Ninja           = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeBlocks - Unix Makefiles  = Generates CodeBlocks project files.
  CodeLite - MinGW Makefiles   = Generates CodeLite project files.
  CodeLite - NMake Makefiles   = Generates CodeLite project files.
  CodeLite - Ninja             = Generates CodeLite project files.
  CodeLite - Unix Makefiles    = Generates CodeLite project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - NMake Makefiles
                               = Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - MinGW Makefiles
                               = Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Ninja         = Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Eclipse CDT4 - Unix Makefiles= Generates Eclipse CDT 4.0 project files.
  Kate - MinGW Makefiles       = Generates Kate project files.
  Kate - NMake Makefiles       = Generates Kate project files.
  Kate - Ninja                 = Generates Kate project files.
  Kate - Unix Makefiles        = Generates Kate project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - MinGW Makefiles
                               = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - NMake Makefiles
                               = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Ninja       = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.
  Sublime Text 2 - Unix Makefiles
                               = Generates Sublime Text 2 project files.

二、准备代码

1. main.cpp:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

std::string say_hello() 
{ 
    return std::string("Hello, CMake world!"); 
}

int main() 
{
  std::cout << say_hello() << std::endl;
  return 0;
}

2. CMakLists.txt：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10 FATAL_ERROR)
project(sample_006 LANGUAGES CXX)
add_executable(hello-world main.cpp)

3. 使用 -G 切换 Ninja 生成器配置项目：

mkdir -p build
cd build
cmake -G Ninja ..

输出：

报找不到Ninja的错误，需要先安装Ninja

sudo apt-get install ninja-build

安装完Ninja后，再次执行：

cmake -G Ninja ..

输出：

4. 构建项目：

cmake --build .

输出：

三、总结

与不加生成器Ninja的配置相比，每一步的输出没什么变化。每个生成器都有自己的文件集，所以编译步骤的输出和构建目录的内容是不同的：

• build.ninja和rules.ninja：包含Ninja的所有的构建语句和构建规则；
• CMakeCache.txt：CMake会在这个文件中进行缓存，与生成器无关；
• CMakeFiles：包含由CMake在配置期间生成的临时文件；
• cmake_install.cmake：CMake脚本处理安装规则，并在安装时使用。

cmake --build . 将ninja命令封装在一个跨平台的接口中。