阅读笔记:Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer

谷歌发布的T5模型在多个NLP任务上超越BERT,其主要贡献包括提出通用框架T5,发布大规模清洗数据集C4,以及进行多样化的预训练试验。T5将各种任务转化为Text-to-Text形式,使用相同的模型结构、损失函数和训练过程,以Encoder-Decoder结构表现最佳。实验表明,Denoising objective(BERT-style)优于其他预训练目标,且模型规模和训练时间的增加能提升性能。
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Contributions

先放贡献:最近谷歌发布的T5预训练模型在Glue,SuperGlue以及Squad任务上都超越了BERT,好不风光。在小编看来,它最主要的贡献是:

  1. 提出一个通用框架 – T5
  2. 公开的C4数据集
  3. 各种预训练的试验,对比结果,给出推荐参数

Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer (T5)

  • 它依然是基于Transformer的预训练模型

  • 将主流NLP任务(MT, QA, 摘要,分类)都转换为Text-to-Text的任务
    (Text-to-Text:Where the model is fed some text for contex or conditioning and is then asked to produce some output text),如下图:
    在这里插入图片描述
    注:为了帮助区分不同任务,在数据之前加prefix,如:MT原任务的data format
    变为:在这里插入图片描述
    分类任务则为分类的label,比如“negative”;Regression任务,拿STS-B(相似任务)来说:1-5分,每0.2分为一个度量,则输出四舍五入到最近的0.2的整数倍,如:2.57→2.60,输出为String。

    通过这样的方式将不同的NLP 任务都转换成统一格式,就可以用同样的模型,同样的损失函数,同样的训练过程,同样的解码过程来完成不同 NLP 任务。其实这个idea在GPT-2论文中就曾提及,在这篇论文中终于实现了。

Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus (C4)

  • 源自Common Crawl (一个公开的网页存档数据集,每个月抓取约20TB 文本数据)
  • 目前只有英语
  • 进行清洗&#
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Abstract: Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a widely used welding process in various industries. One of the significant challenges in GMAW is to achieve optimal welding parameters and minimize defects such as spatter and porosity. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based approach to analyze metal-transfer images in GMAW processes. Our approach can automatically detect and classify the different types of metal-transfer modes and provide insights for process optimization. Introduction: Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a welding process that uses a consumable electrode and an external shielding gas to protect the weld pool from atmospheric contamination. During the GMAW process, the metal transfer mode affects the weld quality and productivity. Three types of metal transfer modes are commonly observed in GMAW: short-circuiting transfer (SCT), globular transfer (GT), and spray transfer (ST). The selection of the transfer mode depends on the welding parameters, such as the welding current, voltage, and wire feed speed. The metal transfer mode can be observed using high-speed imaging techniques, which capture the dynamic behavior of the molten metal during welding. The interpretation of these images requires expertise and is time-consuming. To address these issues, we propose a deep-learning-based approach to analyze metal-transfer images in GMAW processes. Methodology: We collected a dataset of metal-transfer images using a high-speed camera during the GMAW process. The images were captured at a rate of 5000 frames per second, and the dataset includes 1000 images for each transfer mode. We split the dataset into training, validation, and testing sets, with a ratio of 70:15:15. We trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the metal-transfer mode from the images. We used the ResNet50 architecture with transfer learning, which is a widely used and effective approach for image classification tasks. The model was trained using the categorical cross-entropy loss function and the Adam optimizer. Results: We achieved an accuracy of 96.7% on the testing set using our deep-learning-based approach. Our approach can accurately detect and classify the different types of metal-transfer modes in GMAW processes. Furthermore, we used the Grad-CAM technique to visualize the important regions of the images that contributed to the classification decision. Conclusion: In this paper, we proposed a deep-learning-based approach to analyze metal-transfer images in GMAW processes. Our approach can automatically detect and classify the different types of metal-transfer modes with high accuracy. The proposed approach can provide insights for process optimization and reduce the need for human expertise in interpreting high-speed images. Future work includes investigating the use of our approach in real-time monitoring of the GMAW process and exploring the application of our approach in other welding processes.

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