类与对象——多态

基本概念

多态分为两类

• 静态多态：函数重载和运算符重载属于静态多态，复用函数名
• 动态多态：派生类和虚函数实现运行时多态

静态多态和动态多态的区别

• 静态多态的函数地址早绑定——编译阶段确定函数地址
• 动态多态的函数地址晚绑定——运行阶段确定函数地址

class Animal
{
public:
	//speak函数是虚函数
	//函数前面加上virtual关键字，变成虚函数，那么编译器在编译的时候就不能确定函数调用了
	virtual void speak()
	{
		cout<<"Animal is speaking"<<endl;
	}
};

class Cat:public Animal
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout<<"miao miao miao"<<endl;
	}
};

class Dog:public Animal
{
public:
	void speak()
	{
		cout<<"wang wang wang"<<endl;
	}
};

void DoSpeak(Animal& animal)
{
	animal.speak();
}

void test01()
{
	Cat cat;
	DoSpeak(cat);
	Dog dog;
	DoSpeak(dog);
}

多态满足条件：

• 有继承关系
• 子类重写父类中的虚函数
• 函数返回值类型 函数名 参数列表 完全一致称为重写

计算器案例

普通写法：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string.h>

class Calculator
{
public:
	int GetResult(string oper)
	{
		if(oper == "+")
			return m_Num1+m_Num2;
		if(oper == "-")
			return m_Num1-m_Num2;
		if(oper == "*")
			return m_Num1*m_Num2;
	}
	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};

int main()
{
	Calculator c;
	c.m_Num1=10;
	c.m_Num2=10;
	cout<<c.m_Num1<<"+"<<c.m_Num2<<c.GetResult("+")<<endl;
}

利用多态实现计算器:

class AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	virtual int getResult()
	{
		return 0;
	}
	int m_Num1;
	int m_Num2;
};
//子类重写父类的虚函数
class AddCalculator: public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1+m_Num2;
	}
};

class SubCalculator: public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1-m_Num2;
	}
};

class MulCalculator: public AbstractCalculator
{
public:
	int getResult()
	{
		return m_Num1*m_Num2;
	}
};

void test()
{
	AbstractCalculator* abc = new AddCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 10;
	abc->m_Num2 = 10;
	cout<<abc->getResult()<<endl;
	delete abc;
	abc = new SubCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 100;
	abc->m_Num2 = 100;
	cout<<abc->getResult()<<endl;
	delete abc;
	abc = new MulCalculator;
	abc->m_Num1 = 100;
	abc->m_Num2 = 100;
	cout<<abc->getResult()<<endl;
	delete abc;
}

void mian()
{
	test();
}

纯虚函数

在多态中，通常父类中虚函数的实现是没有意义的，主要都是调用子类重写的内容
因此可以将虚函数改为纯虚函数
纯虚函数语法：virtual 返回值类型 函数名(参数列表) = 0
当类中有纯虚函数，类就变成抽象类

抽象类特点

• 无法实例化对象
• 抽象类的字类 必须要重写父类中的纯虚函数，否则也属于抽象类