Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions in OpenFOAM

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前言

CFD仿真中常用到一类重要边界条件：Non-Reflecting Boundary （无反射边界）
OpenFOAM中已有两类无反射边界：advective和waveTransmissive
本文参考：https://caefn.com/openfoam/bc-advective-wavetransmissive

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一、什么是无反射边界？

无反射边界是指流场中的波（典型的如压力波）通过边界时不产生反射效应，即边界的存在对波的传播没有干扰。

无反射边界条件可表述为
$$\frac{D\varphi }{Dt}=\frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}+\mathbf{U}\cdot \nabla \varphi =0$$

OpenFOAM处理非结构网格，考虑边界的法向，因此有如下近似表达式
$$\frac{D\varphi }{Dt}\approx \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial t}+{\mathbf{U}}_{\mathbf{n}}\cdot \frac{\partial \varphi }{\partial n}=0$$

advective和waveTransmissive的区别在于法向速度 ${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathbf{n}}$ 的算法，该过程由advectionSpeed()成员函数完成。

二、advective边界

直接采用速度的法向分量。

$${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathbf{n}}=u_n$$

advectiveFvPatchField类中advectionSpeed()的实现

template<class Type>
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField>
Foam::advectiveFvPatchField<Type>::advectionSpeed() const
{
    const surfaceScalarField& phi =
        this->db().objectRegistry::template lookupObject<surfaceScalarField>
        (phiName_);
 
    fvsPatchField<scalar> phip =
        this->patch().template lookupPatchField<surfaceScalarField, scalar>
        (
            phiName_
        );
 
    if (phi.dimensions() == dimDensity*dimVelocity*dimArea)
    {
        const fvPatchScalarField& rhop =
            this->patch().template lookupPatchField<volScalarField, scalar>
            (
                rhoName_
            );
 
        return phip/(rhop*this->patch().magSf());
    }
    else
    {
        return phip/this->patch().magSf();
    }
}

三、waveTransmissive边界

采用速度的法向分量与声速的和。
$${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathbf{n}}=u_n+c=u_n+\sqrt{\gamma /\psi }$$
其中 $\gamma$ 为绝热指数，$\psi$ 为压缩系数(compressibility)

waveTransmissiveFvPatchField类中advectionSpeed()的实现

template<class Type>
Foam::tmp<Foam::scalarField>
Foam::waveTransmissiveFvPatchField<Type>::advectionSpeed() const
{
    // Lookup the velocity and compressibility of the patch
    const fvPatchField<scalar>& psip =
        this->patch().template
            lookupPatchField<volScalarField, scalar>(psiName_);
 
    const surfaceScalarField& phi =
        this->db().template lookupObject<surfaceScalarField>(this->phiName_);
 
    fvsPatchField<scalar> phip =
        this->patch().template
            lookupPatchField<surfaceScalarField, scalar>(this->phiName_);
 
    if (phi.dimensions() == dimDensity*dimVelocity*dimArea)
    {
        const fvPatchScalarField& rhop =
            this->patch().template
                lookupPatchField<volScalarField, scalar>(this->rhoName_);
 
        phip /= rhop;
    }
 
    // Calculate the speed of the field wave w
    // by summing the component of the velocity normal to the boundary
    // and the speed of sound (sqrt(gamma_/psi)).
    return phip/this->patch().magSf() + sqrt(gamma_/psip);
}

个人认为，waveTransmissive边界更适用于可压缩流动，因为它考虑了声速的影响。

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