2.1 Java范型

1.简介
(1).概念
Java允许在定义方法、类和接口时不指定具体的数据类型，而是在范型方法被调用、范型类被实例化、范型接口被实现时再指定具体数据类型，这样便可以让数据类型变得参数化。

(2).范型擦除和补偿
泛型技术是给编译器使用的，编译器在检查完后，生成的.class文件中不带泛型，原因是泛型是 JDK5.0以后出现的技术，类加载器不能识别，这叫做擦除。在运行过程中，又带有泛型，原因是类加载器获取.class字节码文件，根据运行时类中的数据类型，进行类强制转换，这叫做泛型补偿。

(3).范型字母含义

• E:Element
• T:Type
• K:Key
• V:Value
• N:Number

(4).演示案例

public class Person {
    private String name;
    
    private int age;

    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

	//get和set方法
}

public class Student extends Person {

    public Student(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Student{}";
    }
}

public class Worker extends Person {

    public Worker(String name, int age) {
        super(name, age);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Worker{}";
    }
}

2.泛型类

public class Tool<T>{
    private T t;

    public T getT() {
        return t;
    }

    public void setT(T t) {
        this.t = t;
    }
}

public class GenericDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Tool<Student> tool = new Tool<>();
        tool.setT(new Student("steven",30));
        //报错
        tool.setT(new Worker("steven",30));
        System.out.println(tool.getT());
    }
}

Student{}

3.泛型方法

public class Tool<T> {
    private T t;

    public T getT() {
        return t;
    }

    public void setT(T t) {
        this.t = t;
    }

    public static <E> void printElement(E[] inputArray) {
        for (int i = 0; i < inputArray.length; i++) {
            System.out.println(inputArray[i]);
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
}

public class GenericDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String [] stringArray = new String[]{"book","fruit","sport"};
        Integer [] interArray = new Integer[]{123,12345,123456};
        Tool.printElement(stringArray);
        Tool.printElement(interArray);
    }
}

book
fruit
sport

123
1234
12345

getT()不是泛型方法，printElement是泛型方法，主要区别在于泛型方法有<>修饰。

4.泛型接口

public interface IGeneric<T> {
    T getT();
}

class GenericStudentImpl implements IGeneric<Student>{

    @Override
    public Student getT() {
        return new Student("steven",30);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        GenericStudentImpl genericStudent = new GenericStudentImpl();
        Student student = genericStudent.getT();
        System.out.println(student);
    }
}

Student{}

5.泛型边界
(1).上限extends

public class GenericDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Person> personList = new LinkedList<Person>();
        personList.add(new Person("steven", 27));
        personList.add(new Person("sherry", 20));
        print(personList);

        System.out.println();

        List<Student> studentList = new LinkedList<>();
        studentList.add(new Student("owen", 22));
        studentList.add(new Student("mike", 25));
        print(studentList);

        System.out.println();

        List<Worker> workerList = new LinkedList<>();
        workerList.add(new Worker("jan", 23));
        workerList.add(new Worker("tom", 24));
        print(workerList);
    }

    private static void print(Collection<? extends Person> coll) {
        Iterator<?> it = coll.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            Person p = (Person) it.next();
            System.out.println("name:" + p.getName() + ",age:" + p.getAge());
        }
    }
}

name:steven,age:27
name:sherry,age:20

name:owen,age:22
name:mike,age:25

name:jan,age:23
name:tom,age:24

(2).下限super

public class GenericDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Person> personList = new LinkedList<Person>();
        personList.add(new Person("steven", 27));
        personList.add(new Person("sherry", 20));
        print(personList);

        System.out.println();

        List<Student> studentList = new LinkedList<>();
        studentList.add(new Student("owen", 22));
        studentList.add(new Student("mike", 25));
        print(studentList);

        System.out.println();

        //编译不通过
        //List<Worker> workerList = new LinkedList<>();
        //workerList.add(new Worker("jan", 23));
        //workerList.add(new Worker("tom", 24));
        //print(workerList);
    }

    private static void print(Collection<? super Student> coll) {
        Iterator<?> it = coll.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            Person p = (Person) it.next();
            System.out.println("name:" + p.getName() + ",age:" + p.getAge());
        }
    }
}

name:steven,age:27
name:sherry,age:20

name:owen,age:22
name:mike,age:25