JavaWeb
servlet
ServletContext
- web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
它可以共享数据
我们在Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username = "江湖";//数据
servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);//放入数据
System.out.println("hello!!!");
//this.getServletConfig(); Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext(); Servlet上下文
//this.getInitParameter(); 初始化参数
}
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");//读取数据
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.feng.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>get</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.feng.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>get</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/get</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
测试访问结果:先执行hello url 存入数据,在执行/get url 就能取出数据。
获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数 -->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();//能够拿到配置在web.xml文件中的初始化的参数
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
请求转发
请求转发:比如A页面想访问C页面但它访问不到C页面,他只能访问B页面,然后B页面将A页面的请求转发到C页面,C页面将访问的内容返回给B页面,B页面再将内容返回给A页面。
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/url");//请求转发到的页面路径
requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);//调用forward实现请求转发
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>url</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.feng.servlet.ServletDemo03</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>url</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/url</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>rd</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.feng.servlet.ServletDemo04</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>rd</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/rd</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
读取资源文件
Properties
- 在java目录下新建properties文件
- 在resources目录下新建properties文件
发现:启动服务器生成tomcat文件夹时,都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes文件下,我们俗称这个路径为classpath(类路径)
注意点:这里启动服务器生成tomcat文件夹时,可能在java目录下新建properties文件无法导入进tomcat文件夹下,导不出文件,这样解决:
<!--在web.xml文件的build中配置resources,来防止我们资源导出失败的问题-->
<build>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<excludes>
<exclude>**/*.properties</exclude>
<exclude>**/*.xml</exclude>
</excludes>
<filtering>false</filtering>
</resource>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
</includes>
<filtering>false</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
</build>
思路:需要一个文件流:
username=root
passeord=123456
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
//注意这第一个”/“不能省略他代表:当前web项目(这里就是servlet-02项目)
InputStream is = context.getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(is);
String name = properties.getProperty("username");
String ped = properties.getProperty("passeord");
resp.getWriter().print(name+":"+ped);
}
访问测试即可。
HttpServletResponse
响应
- web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
简单分类
- 负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
- 负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
- 响应的状态码常量
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
常见应用
下载文件
- 向浏览器输出消息。
- 下载文件
- 要获取下载文件的路径
- 下载的文件名是啥?
- 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
- 获取下载文件的输入流
- 创建缓冲区
- 获取OutputStream对象
- 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
- 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
//1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "E:\\java 程序代码\\JavaWeb-01-Servlet\\response\\target\\response\\WEB-INF\\classes\\1.jpg";
//2. 下载的文件名是啥?
String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
//3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西(如果文件名时中文的话用URLEncoder.encode进行编码设置,否则下载的文件的文件名可能会乱码)
resp.setHeader("Content-disposition","attachment;filename"+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"utf-8"));
//4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5. 创建缓冲区
int len;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
//7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区, 并使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
while ((len=fileInputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
outputStream.write(buffer,0,len);
}
}
验证码功能
- 验证码怎么来的?
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要用到 Java 的图片类,生成一张图片
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让图片3秒刷新一次;
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics g = image.getGraphics();//笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//在告诉浏览器。这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());
}
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String s = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
//如果生成随机数的长度不是7位的,补上0
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
stringBuffer.append("0");
}
s=s+stringBuffer;//在随机数后面补上0
return s;
}
实现重定向
- 一个web资源B收到客户端A请求后,B它会通知客户端A去访问另外一个web资源C,这个过程叫重定向。
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*
resp.setHeader("localhost","/response_war/image");
resp.setStatus(302);
*/
resp.sendRedirect("/response_war/image");//重定向
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:
- 页面都会跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化;
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//处理请求
//getParameter获取参数
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
resp.sendRedirect("/response_war/success.jsp");
}
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%--这里是提交的路径,需要找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/test" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit"value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success</h1>
</body>
</html>
HttpServletRequest
请求
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletResquest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息。
获取前端传递的参数,请求转发
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] habbys = req.getParameterValues("habbys");
System.out.println("=======================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(habbys));
System.out.println("=======================");
//通过请求转发
//这里的/代表当前应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:
- 页面都会跳转
不同点:
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化; 编码:307
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化;编码:302