[Mistake & Practice] Introduction to Data Analysis with R

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本文介绍了一系列高级矩阵操作技巧，包括如何不使用循环生成特定模式的矩阵，查找矩阵中最大数的位置，以及如何将矩阵的上三角部分置零。通过巧妙利用R语言的功能，这些操作可以高效且优雅地完成。

Matrix

Question I

Assume that n is an integer greater than 1. Consider the slash(n) function whose output is a nxn symmetric matrix with elements are integers 1 on the diagonal, 2 on top and below the diagonal and so on.
For example:
bslash(4)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 2 3 4
[2,] 2 1 2 3
[3,] 3 2 1 2
[4,] 4 3 2 1
Write the above function without using loop, name it as bslash.v2(). Hint: you can write a demo as using loop.

Solution I:

bslash.v2 <- function(n) {
  #generate matrix so as to determine memory space
  upper <- matrix(1,nrow = n,ncol = n)
  lower <- matrix(-1,nrow=n,ncol=n)
  #combine upper and lower matrix
  m1 <- upper*upper.tri(upper, diag = F)+lower*lower.tri(lower,diag = T)
  #cumsum to make sure each row in m3 can be reduced first then increase
  m2 <- t(apply(t(m1),2,cumsum)) #t() is to properly cumsum m1 by rows
  m3 <- matrix(1,nrow=n,ncol=n)
  #make sure m3 is started from 2 instead of 1
  m3 <- 1+apply(m3,2,cumsum)
  #print result
  m3+m2
}

Solution II:

bslash.v2<-function(n) { 		# assume n is integer >1
d1<-matrix(1:n^2,nrow=n,byrow=T) 	# nxn matrix 1 to n^2
d2<-matrix(n^2:1,nrow=n,byrow=T) 	# nxn matrix n^2 to 1
x1<-matrix(rep(1:n,n),nrow=n,byrow=T) 		# nxn matrix, each row is 1:n
x2<-matrix(rep(1:n,n),nrow=n) 		# nxn matrix, each col is 1:n
(d1%%(n+1))*(x1>=x2)+(d2%%(n+1))*(x1<x2)	# output
}

Question 2

Given seed(2019) and d<-matrix(sample(1:30,replace=F), nrow=5, byrow=T), find index of maximum number in d.

Solution:

z <- (d==30)+0
i <- sum((1:nrow(z))*apply(z, 1, sum))
j <- sum((1:ncol(z))*apply(z, 2, sum))
c(i,j)

Question 3

Given a matrix, write a function without loop to replace upper triangular entries in the matrix with 0.

Solution

q <- function(M){
	n <- nrow(M)
	x1 <- matrix(rep(1:n,n), nrow=n, byrow=T)
	x2 <- matrix(rep(1:n,n), nrow=n)
	M*(x1<=x2)