数据库系统概论——introduction

Database Concept

Information

is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system.

信息是影响动态系统状态的任何事件。

is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed.

信息是被传达的讯息（话语或者表达）。

is an ordered sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message

信息是能被解释为讯息的有序符号序列。

    As sensory input

    作为感官输入

         Often be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system

        经常被是为机体和系统的一种输入

    Can be recorded and transmitted

    可以被记录和传输

Data

values of a qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items

used to record information

is the carrier of Information

Data type & Data value

Data Type: the way values of the data can be stored in computer system

Data Value: records the meaning of information

Data is the carrier of information; information is the interpretation of data.

Main Categories of data Manipulation: 

Data Manipulation 

    Using Database

Data Processing 

    Using Computer Program

Data Transmission

    Using Computer Network 

Task of data management

Data Storage:

    Organize the data and store them into the storage device such as hard disk

Data Maintenance:

    Insert new value, delete invalid data or modify old data

Data Query & Data statistic:

    Retrieve information from the data storage

Schema & Data (模式和数据)

schema: describes how data is to be structured（描述数据存储的结构）

defined at set-up time（建立时间

rarely changes（基本不改变）

also called "metadata"（也被称为元数据）

data is actual "instance" of database, changes rapidly（数据事实上是数据库的一个实例，经常变化）

vs. types and variables in programming languages（类比编程语言的类型和变量）

The Service of a DBMS (Data Base Management System)

Data Definition Language – DDL (数据库模式定义语言）

    Easy to define schema

Data Manipulation Language - DML (数据操纵语言)

    query language

Storage management (存储管理)

    Retrieve(取回) data from disk automatically for you

Transaction Management (事务管理)

    concurrency control (并发控制)

    recovery （恢复）

Automate a lot of boring/mundane operations on data

Make execution very fast

Make concurrent access/modification possible

Database

Efficient, convenient, and safe multi-user storage of massive amounts of well organized persistent data

针对大量永久存储的数据的高效，方便，安全的多用户型的数据仓库

Database Management System

A Software System that manages database

管理数据库的软件系统

Buy, install, set up for particular application

一些特别的数据库管理系统需要购买和安装

Main Functions of DBMS

Data Definition

    Provides Data Definition Language to define schema of database

Data Manipulation

    Provides Data Manipulation Language to manipulate data in database:

    RETRIEVE, INSERT, DELETE, MODIFY

Database operation
    Security

    Integrity

    Concurrency

    recovery

Toolsets

    Data loader

    Monitor

    Performance tuning tools

Database System

DBS, information systems that based on database

Consists of database, dbms, application, and users