MySQL编程
存储过程:
存储过程的理解和Java的方法有异曲同工之妙,其函数的定义都是可以添加参数列表的,参数有:IN,OUT,INOUT。
优点(为什么要用存储过程?):
①将重复性很高的一些操作,封装到一个存储过程中,简化了对这些SQL的调用
②批量处理:SQL+循环,减少流量,也就是“跑批”
③统一接口,确保数据的安全
//定义结束符号(存储过程)
DELIMITER $
CREATE PROCEDURE "存储过程名"()
BEGIN
被执行的多条SQL语句
END $
触发器的特性:
1、有begin end体,begin end;之间的语句可以写的简单或者复杂
2、什么条件会触发:I、D、U
3、什么时候触发:在增删改前或者后
4、触发频率:针对每一行执行
5、触发器定义在表上,附着在表上。
也就是由事件来触发某个操作,事件包括INSERT语句,UPDATE语句和DELETE语句;可以协助应用在数据库端确保数据的完整性。
// 触发器:触发器类似Java中的定时器满足特定的条件触发
delimiter !
mysql> create trigger my_trigger before delete
-> on dept for each row
-> begin
-> delete from dept where deptno=20;
-> end !
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
行列转换:行转列是将原来的字段的多行内容选出来,作为结果集中的不同列,并进行分组显示。
1、使用case…when…then 进行行转列
//建表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_score;
CREATE TABLE tb_score(
id INT(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
userid VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
subject VARCHAR(20) COMMENT '科目',
score DOUBLE COMMENT '成绩',
PRIMARY KEY(id)
)ENGINE = INNODB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
//插入数据
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','语文',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','数学',92);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('001','英语',80);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','语文',88);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','数学',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('002','英语',75.5);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','语文',70);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','数学',85);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','英语',90);
INSERT INTO tb_score(userid,subject,score) VALUES ('003','政治',82);
SELECT userid,
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '语文' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '语文',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '数学' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '数学',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '英语' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '英语',
SUM(CASE `subject` WHEN '政治' THEN score ELSE 0 END) as '政治'
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid
2、使用IF() 进行行转列:
SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) as '语文',
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) as '数学',
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) as '英语',
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) as '政治'
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid
//注意点:
(1)SUM() 是为了能够使用GROUP BY根据userid进行分组,因为每一个userid对应的subject="语文"的记录只有一条,所以SUM() 的值就等于对应那一条记录的score的值。
假如userid =‘001’ and subject=‘语文’ 的记录有两条,则此时SUM() 的值将会是这两条记录的和,同理,使用Max()的值将会是这两条记录里面值最大的一个。但是正常情况下,一个user对应一个subject只有一个分数,因此可以使用SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()等聚合函数都可以达到行转列的效果。
(2)IF(subject
=‘语文’,score,0) 作为条件,即对所有subject='语文’的记录的score字段进行SUM()、MAX()、MIN()、AVG()操作,如果score没有值则默认为0。
3、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + WITH ROLLUP 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为Total
SELECT IFNULL(userid,'total') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(IF(`subject`='total',score,0)) AS total
FROM(
SELECT userid,IFNULL(`subject`,'total') AS `subject`,SUM(score) AS score
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid,`subject`
WITH ROLLUP
HAVING userid IS NOT NULL
)AS A
GROUP BY userid
WITH ROLLUP;
4、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列 + UNION 生成汇总行,并利用 IFNULL将汇总行标题显示为 Total
SELECT userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid
UNION
SELECT 'TOTAL',SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) FROM tb_score
5、利用SUM(IF()) 生成列,直接生成结果不再利用子查询
SELECT IFNULL(userid,'TOTAL') AS userid,
SUM(IF(`subject`='语文',score,0)) AS 语文,
SUM(IF(`subject`='数学',score,0)) AS 数学,
SUM(IF(`subject`='英语',score,0)) AS 英语,
SUM(IF(`subject`='政治',score,0)) AS 政治,
SUM(score) AS TOTAL
FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid WITH ROLLUP;
6、动态,适用于列不确定情况
SET @EE='';
select @EE :=CONCAT(@EE,'sum(if(subject= \'',subject,'\',score,0)) as ',subject, ',') AS aa FROM (SELECT DISTINCT subject FROM tb_score) A ;
SET @QQ = CONCAT('select ifnull(userid,\'TOTAL\')as userid,',@EE,' sum(score) as TOTAL from tb_score group by userid WITH ROLLUP');
-- SELECT @QQ;
PREPARE stmt FROM @QQ;
EXECUTE stmt;
DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;
7、合并字段显示:利用group_concat()
SELECT userid,GROUP_CONCAT(`subject`,":",score)AS 成绩 FROM tb_score
GROUP BY userid