鸟哥的服务器《二》网络基本配置

最新推荐文章于 2023-11-14 17:50:27 发布

网络安全打工人

最新推荐文章于 2023-11-14 17:50:27 发布

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分类专栏： linux服务器文章标签：服务器

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Kevinhanser/article/details/68060915

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网络参数：

Linux:
IP 192.168.100.1--192.168.100.254
Netmask: 255.255.255.0
Nerwork: 192.168.100.0
Broadcast: 192.168.100.255
Default Gateway: 192.168.100.254
DNS: 168.95.1.1

Windows XP:
IP：192.168.100.20
Nermask：255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.168.100.254
DNS: 168.95.1.1
工作组：JLCSS
计算机名称：winxp

网卡信息


# 观察内核所捕捉到的网卡信息

[root@CentOS ~]# dmesg | grep -in eth2
1405:e1000: eth2: e1000_probe: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
1407:udev: renamed network interface eth1 to eth1-eth2
1408:udev: renamed network interface eth2 to eth1
1409:udev: renamed network interface eth1-eth2 to eth2
1435:e1000: eth2 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None
1441:eth2: no IPv6 routers present
2115:e1000: eth2 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None
2119:eth2: no IPv6 routers present


# 也可以通过 lspci 来查询设备芯片数据

[root@CentOS ~]# lspci | grep -i eth
02:01.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)


# 观察网卡模块

[root@CentOS ~]# lsmod | grep 1000
e1000                 107170  0 
[root@CentOS ~]# modinfo e1000
filename:       /lib/modules/2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/e1000/e1000.ko
version:        7.3.21-k6-NAPI
license:        GPL
description:    Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
author:         Intel Corporation, <linux.nics@intel.com>
srcversion:     B36FC449E16DAE8ACAD15A9

网络相关的配置文件


# /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg.conf-eth0

    DEVICE=网卡名称
    BOOTPROTO=是否使用DHCP
    HWADDR=是否加入网卡MAC地址
    IPADDR=IP地址
    NETMASK=子网掩码
    ONBOOT=要不要默认启动此接口
    GATEWAY=网关地址
    NM_CONTROLLED=额外的网管软件

# /etc/sysconfig/network

    NETWORKING=要不要使用网络
    NETWORKING_IPV6=是否支持IPV6
    HOSTNAME=主机名

# /etc/resolv.conf 

    Name Server DNS Name Server DNS 的IP地址


# /etc/hosts

    私有IP主机名别名


# /etc/services

    包括HTTP、FTP、SSH、Telnet等服务所定义的port number


# /etc/protocols

    包括ICMP/TCP/UDP的数据包协议的定义

# /etc/init.d/network restart

    重新启动整个网络

# ifup etn0(ifdown eth0)

    启动或关闭某个网络接口，存在于/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts目录下

连接网络


# 对外网卡的信息

IP: 192.168.1.100 
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 
Gateway: 192.168.1.254 
DNS IP: 168.95.1.1 
Hostname: www.centos.vbird

修改的参数	配置文件与重要起动机脚本	查看结果的指令
IP相关参数	/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /etc/init.d/network restart	ifconfig(IP/Netmask) route -n (gateway
DNS	/etc/resolv.conf	dig www.google.com
主机名	/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/hosts	hostname （主机名） ping $(hostname) reboot


# IP/Netmask/Gateway 的配置、启动与查看

DEVICE="eth0"   
HWADDR="00:0C:29:38:02:64"  
NM_CONTROLLED="no"  
ONBOOT="yes"             #是否默认启动此接口
BOOTPROTO=none           #dhcp或者none
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.1.254

# 下面的可以省略

NETWORK=192.168.1.0      #该网段的第一个IP
BROADAST=192.168.1.255   #广播地址
MTU=1500                 #最大传输单元


# 重启整个网络

[root@CentOS ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart


#查看配置

[root@CentOS ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:38:02:64  
          inet addr:192.168.0.206  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe38:264/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:5349 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:2030 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:415303 (405.5 KiB)  TX bytes:337388 (329.4 KiB)


# 检查路由的定义是否正确

[root@CentOS ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U     1002   0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.254   0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0          


# 测试看看与路由器之间是否能够连接成功呢

[root@CentOS ~]# ping -c 3 192.168.0.1
PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=2.07 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.20 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.21 ms

--- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.206/1.500/2.077/0.408 ms

DNS服务器IP的定义与查看


# 查看DNS服务器能否提供域名解析

[root@CentOS ~]# dig www.google.com

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.4 <<>> www.google.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 4538
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.google.com.            IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.google.com.     3600    IN  A   14.215.177.38

;; Query time: 17 msec
;; SERVER: 202.96.199.133#53(202.96.199.133)
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 28 10:24:21 2017
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 48

主机名的修改与查看


# 设置主机名

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=www.centos.kevin


# 设置主机对应IP

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain   localhost
::1     CentOS.virtual  CentOS  localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
192.168.0.206 www.centos.kevin  #本机IP


# 检查主机名有没有对应的IP

[root@CentOS ~]# ping -c 2 www.centos.kevin  #-c num：发送num个请求包
PING www.centos.kevin (192.168.0.206) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from www.centos.kevin (192.168.0.206): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.082 ms
64 bytes from www.centos.kevin (192.168.0.206): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.068 ms

--- www.centos.kevin ping statistics ---
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.068/0.075/0.082/0.007 ms

自动获取IP参数（DHCP方法，适用 Cable Modem 、IP路由器的环境）
适合用DHCP的连接方式有：
1 . Cable Modem: 使用有线电视网络实现网络连接的方式
2 . ADSL 多IP的DHCP方式
3 . IP路由器或NAT搭建了DHCP服务时

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 
DEVICE="eth0"
HWADDR="00:0C:29:38:02:64"
NM_CONTROLLED="no"
ONBOOT="yes"
BOOTPROTO=dhcp


# 重启网络

[root@CentOS ~]# /etc/init.d/network restart
Shutting down interface eth0:                              [  OK  ]
Shutting down loopback interface:                          [  OK  ]
Bringing up loopback interface:                            [  OK  ]
Bringing up interface eth0:  
Determining IP information for eth0... done.
                                                           [  OK  ]

ADSL拨号上网（适用于ADSL拨号以及光纤接入）


# 安装光盘本身含有rp-pppoe，安装rp-pppoe

[root@CentOS ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt
[root@CentOS ~]# cd /mnt/Packages
[root@CentOS Packages]# rpm -ivh rp-pppoe* ppp*
[root@CentOS Packages]# rpm -q rp-pppoe
rp-pppoe-3.10-16.el6.x86_64  #确实已经安装

# rp-pppoe使用Point to Point(ppp) over  Ethernet 的点对点协议所产生的网络接口，因此当顺利地拨号成功后，会多产生一个网络接口ppp0


# 由于ppp0是构建在以太网卡上的，必须要有以太网卡，同时及时拨号成功后，也不能将没有用到的eth0关闭。


# 拨号成功后，会产生如下接口：


# 1 . 内部回环测试用的lo接口


# 2 . 网卡etn0接口


# 3 . 拨号之后产生的通过ISP对外连接的ppp0接口

检查无线网卡开始连接


# 检查无线网卡设备

[root@CentOS ~]# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0e0f:0003 VMware, Inc. Virtual Mouse
Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0e0f:0002 VMware, Inc. Virtual USB Hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0bda:8187 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8187 Wireless Adapter


# 查看模块与相应的网卡代号（modiinfo与iwconfig）

[root@CentOS ~]# iwconfig 
lo        no wireless extensions.

eth0      no wireless extensions.

wlan0     IEEE 802.11bg  ESSID:off/any  
          Mode:Managed  Access Point: Not-Associated   Tx-Power=30 dBm   
          Retry short limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off
          Encryption key:off
          Power Management:off


# 利用 iwlist 侦测AP

[root@CentOS ~]# ifconfig wlan0 up  #启动网卡
[root@CentOS ~]# iwlist wlan0 scan 
 Cell 03 - Address: 70:AF:6A:67:7D:2B
    Channel:2
    Frequency:2.417 GHz (Channel 2)
    Quality=70/70  Signal level=-7 dBm  
    Encryption key:on
    ESSID:"360WiFi-677D2B"
    Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s
              9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
    Bit Rates:24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
    Mode:Master
    Extra:tsf=00000000c2f2a530
    Extra: Last beacon: 374ms ago
    IE: Unknown: 000E333630576946692D363737443242
    IE: Unknown: 010882848B960C121824
    IE: Unknown: 030102
    IE: Unknown: 2A0100
    IE: Unknown: 32043048606C
    IE: WPA Version 1
        Group Cipher : CCMP
        Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
        Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
    IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
        Group Cipher : CCMP
        Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
        Authentication Suites (1) : PSK


# 修改配置文件连接无线网络

http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Rt2870


# 设定网卡配置文件（ifcfg-ethn）


# 可以参考文件:

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-wireless 


# 网卡设置

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-wlan0
DEVICE=wlan0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
ONBOOR=yes
ESSID=360WiFi-677D2B
RATE=36M # 可以严格指定传输速率，要与iwconfig相同，单位b/s


# 启动与查看无线网卡

[root@CentOS ~]# ifup wlan0

常见问题说明


# 连接linux主机很慢，连接完成后速度恢复正常，原因是DNS解析查询超时


# 解决方法：给予内部的每台主机一个名称与IP的对应


# 修改/etc/hosts文件

127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain   localhost
::1     CentOS.virtual  CentOS  localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
192.168.0.209 www.centos.kevin
192.168.0.1 linux001  #即使用客户端的计算机名称不同也没关系，仍可以加快连接速度
192.168.0.2 linux002
192.168.0.3 linux003



# 域名无法解析的情况


# 我可以拨号上网了，也可以ping到雅虎的IP，但为何无法直接用网址连上因特网呢？这是DNS解析出错


# 修改/etc/resolv.conf文件，例如Hinet的168.95.1.1以及Seednet的139.172.10.20

[root@CentOS ~]# vim /etc/resolv.conf

# Generated by NetworkManager

search virtual
nameserver 168.95.1.1
nameserver 139.172.10.20        


# 默认网关问题


# 在每个网络的配置文件都可以指定默认网关，但是默认网关只能有一个


# 如果是拨号，请不要再eth0中指定GATEWAY或GATEWAYDEV等变量。