C++11多线程服务器编程Part.1

在之前的学习过程中，关于多线程服务器编程的学习内容主要在Linux上的C语言实现，例如pthread_create,等函数，如今C++11也有很多支持多线程的函数和方法(当然环境选择Linux或者Windows都是可以的)，并且更加高效和灵活，学无止境，从这次开始，进入到C++11多线程服务器编程开发的学习中。

C++11提供的的多线程编程接口
高级接口：future，async
低级接口：thread，mutex

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <future>
#include <cmath>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <algorithm>
	/*
	at the STD namespace,thread class is a way to create Thread,in my Example,work is a thread object
	work.join well block the MainThread and ask the "work" thread if over,if the "work" thread is over
	the program well continue to run,otherwise,it well always block 
	*/
void HelloWord()
{
	std::cout << "Hello Work Thread!" << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
	std::thread work(HelloWord);
	std::cout << "Hello Main Thread!" << std::endl;
	work.join();
	return 0;
}

为什么使用多线程

1.随着时代的发展，CPU单核红利已经结束，服务器开发使用多线程大势所趋。
2.多线程有着自身的优势，能有效利用多核计算机的性能。
3.实践验证理论，理论反推动实践，如今操作系统、标准库和第三方库都支持了多线程的API，使用更加方便。
4.多线程和异步I/O的关系，单线程是阻塞I/O，如果操作I/O很耗费时间，势必拖累整体速度，但是多线程不会有这种情况。

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <future>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>

//if you need to updata the new work setting,please select The Tools menu and choose "Get Tools and Function" Option

//Learn some useful tips
//std::cout <<typeid(b).name() << std::end; // cout：int　　typeid could output the value type
void Function()//This is "auto& i" diofferent with "auto i"
{
	std::string str1 = "hello";
	std::string str2 = "hello";
	for (auto i : str1)
	{
		i = toupper(i);
	}
	std::cout << str1 << std::endl;
	for (auto& i : str2)
	{
		i = toupper(i);
	}
	std::cout << str2 << std::endl;
}

//Attention:when a value's type is cite,if we use auto ,it isn't be a cite,for Example
void Function_2()
{
	int A = 1;
	int& F = A;
	auto B = F;//typeid(B).name()-> int
	auto& C = F;//typeid(C).name()-> int&
	std::cout << typeid(B).name() << std::endl;
	std::cout << typeid(C).name() << std::endl;
}

void Function_3()
{
	const int A = 1;
	auto B = A;//typeid(B).name()-> int
	const int C = A;
	auto& D = C;//typeid(D).name()-> const int
	std::cout << typeid(B).name() << std::endl;
	std::cout << typeid(C).name() << std::endl;
}


//about Multithread test

double Math_algorithm(double value)
{
	if (value <= 0)return value;
	std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
	return sqrt(sqrt(value * (value - 3)) * value);
}

template<typename Iter,typename Fun>
double Count_up(std::thread::id id,Iter iterBegin, Iter iterEnd, Fun func)
{
	auto this_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
	if (id == this_id)
	{
		std::cout << "This is MainThreadId:" << id << std::endl;
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "This is WorkThreadId:" << this_id << std::endl;
	}
	double value = double();
	for (auto iter = iterBegin; iter != iterEnd; iter++)
	{
		value += func(*iter);
	}
	return value;
}

int main()
{
	Function();
	auto MainThreadId = std::this_thread::get_id();
	std::vector<double> db;
	for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
	{
		db.push_back(rand());
	}
	std::cout << db.size() << std::endl;

	double Value = double();
	auto start = clock();
	for (auto& Type : db)
	{
		Value += Math_algorithm(Type);
	}
	//Singlethread pass the test only use a thread
	auto end = clock();
	size_t size = db.size();
	std::cout << "Single thread" << Value <<"It use:"<<(end - start)<< std::endl;
	end = clock();
	//in my setting ,Multithread pass the test use two threads 
	//cut down the vector
	auto AntherIter = db.begin() + size;
	double AntherValue = double();
	//at the MainThread
	double MainHalfValue = Count_up(MainThreadId, db.begin(), AntherIter, Math_algorithm);
	auto IterEnd = db.end();
	//at the WorkThread
	//Important to Learn it ---- MULTITHREAD
	std::thread s([&AntherValue, MainThreadId, AntherIter, IterEnd](){
		AntherValue = Count_up(MainThreadId, AntherIter, IterEnd, Math_algorithm);
	});
	//clear up the pthread
	s.join();
	start = clock();
	std::cout << "Multithread" << AntherValue + MainHalfValue << "It use:" << (start - end) << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

在这里，我使用到了for(auto& value:Type)的遍历方式，这与一般的for(auto value:Type)是不同的，在Function函数中，作出了一个示例来展示他们的不同，使用auto&可以对容器的内容进行修改和更新，这是auto&的隐含功能，在我Main实际操作中，auto&这样写，更加普适罢了，auto也是可以的，这里指出来auto和auto&是由区别的，希望大家知晓。

用到了chrono，future，thread这些C++11的头文件，建议本机使用的VS版本在2012以上。
C++11有许多新特性，比如默认的函数比起C++98要多出移动拷贝构造函数和移动赋值函数，这些新的特性之后会慢慢学习到，现在先从多线程的基础入手，循序渐进。