ping命令详解

PING(8) System Manager’s Manual: iputils PING(8)

NAME
ping, ping6 - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts

SYNOPSIS
ping [ -LRUbdfnqrvVaAB] [ -c count] [ -i interval] [ -l preload] [ -p pattern] [ -s packetsize] [ -t ttl] [ -w deadline] [ -F flowlabel] [
-I interface] [ -M hint] [ -Q tos] [ -S sndbuf] [ -T timestamp option] [ -W timeout] [ hop ...] destination

DESCRIPTION
ping uses the ICMP protocol’s mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams
(‘‘pings’’) have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a struct timeval and then an arbitrary number of ‘‘pad’’ bytes used to fill out the packet.

OPTIONS
-a Audible ping.

-A Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time, so that effectively not more than one (or more, if preload is set) unanswered
probes present in the network. Minimal interval is 200msec for not super-user. On networks with low rtt this mode is essentially equivalent
to flood mode.

-b Allow pinging a broadcast address.

-B Do not allow ping to change source address of probes. The address is bound to one selected when ping starts.

-c count
Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With deadline option, ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the timeout expires.

-d Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. Essentially, this socket option is not used by Linux kernel.

-F flow label
Allocate and set 20 bit flow label on echo request packets. (Only ping6). If value is zero, kernel allocates random flow label.

-f Flood ping. For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period ‘‘.’’ is printed, while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is printed. This provides
a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped. If interval is not given, it sets interval to zero and outputs packets as fast as
they come back or one hundred times per second, whichever is more. Only the super-user may use this option with zero interval.

-i interval
Wait interval seconds between sending each packet. The default is to wait for one second between each packet normally, or not to wait in
flood mode. Only super-user may set interval to values less 0.2 seconds.

-I interface address
Set source address to specified interface address. Argument may be numeric IP address or name of device. When pinging IPv6 link-local
address this option is required.

-l preload
If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not waiting for reply. Only the super-user may select preload more than 3.

-L Suppress loopback of multicast packets. This flag only applies if the ping destination is a multicast address.

-n Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names for host addresses.

-p pattern
You may specify up to 16 ‘‘pad’’ bytes to fill out the packet you send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a network.
For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to be filled with all ones.

-Q tos Set Quality of Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams. tos can be either decimal or hex number. Traditionally (RFC1349), these have been
interpreted as: 0 for reserved (currently being redefined as congestion control), 1-4 for Type of Service and 5-7 for Precedence. Possible
settings for Type of Service are: minimal cost: 0x02, reliability: 0x04, throughput: 0x08, low delay: 0x10. Multiple TOS bits should not be
set simultaneously. Possible settings for special Precedence range from priority (0x20) to net control (0xe0). You must be root
(CAP_NET_ADMIN capability) to use Critical or higher precedence value. You cannot set bit 0x01 (reserved) unless ECN has been enabled in
the kernel. In RFC2474, these fields has been redefined as 8-bit Differentiated Services (DS), consisting of: bits 0-1 of separate data
(ECN will be used, here), and bits 2-7 of Differentiated Services Codepoint (DSCP).

-q Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at startup time and when finished.

-R Record route. Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in the ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on returned packets. Note that the
IP header is only large enough for nine such routes. Many hosts ignore or discard this option.

-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached interface. If the host is not on a directly-attached network,
an error is returned. This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no route through it provided the option -I
is also used.

-s packetsize
Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent. The default is 56, which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with the 8 bytes
of ICMP header data.

-S sndbuf
Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer not more than one packet.

-t ttl Set the IP Time to Live.

-T timestamp option
Set special IP timestamp options. timestamp option may be either tsonly (only timestamps), tsandaddr (timestamps and addresses) or tspre-
spec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp prespecified hops).

-M hint
Select Path MTU Discovery strategy. hint may be either do (prohibit fragmentation, even local one), want (do PMTU discovery, fragment
locally when packet size is large), or dont (do not set DF flag).

-U Print full user-to-user latency (the old behaviour). Normally ping prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e. due to DNS
failures.

-v Verbose output.

-V Show version and exit.

-w deadline
Specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping exits regardless of how many packets have been sent or received. In this case ping does not stop
after count packet are sent, it waits either for deadline expire or until count probes are answered or for some error notification from net-
work.

-W timeout
Time to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only timeout in absense of any responses, otherwise ping waits for two RTTs.