本文详细介绍了Linux环境下Ping命令的使用方法及各种选项参数，包括如何指定Ping包大小和发送次数等高级用法，适用于网络故障排查和技术人员进行网络状态测试。
linux下ping包的默认大小为64Byte，次数不限。但有时我们需要尝试ping大数据包，来测试网络的状况，这时，就要指定ping包的大小了。
Linux下ping(vxworks 基本上和linux的一样)大数据包的格式;
ping [ -LRUbdfnqrvVaAB] [ -c count] [ -i interval] [ -l preload] [ -p pattern] [ -s packetsize] [ -t ttl] [ -w deadline] [ -F flowla-bel] [ -I interface] [ -M hint] [ -Q tos] [ -S sndbuf] [ -T times-tamp option] [ -W timeout] [ hop ...] destination
OPTIONS
-a Audible ping.
-A Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time,
so that effectively not more than one (or more, if preload is
set) unanswered probes present in the network. Minimal interval
is 200msec for not super-user. On networks with low rtt this
mode is essentially equivalent to flood mode.
-b Allow pinging a broadcast address.
-B Do not allow ping to change source address of probes. The
address is bound to one selected when ping starts.
-c count
Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With deadline
option, ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the time-
out expires.
-d Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. Essentially,
this socket option is not used by Linux kernel.
-F flow label
Allocate and set 20 bit flow label on echo request packets.
(Only ping6). If value is zero, kernel allocates random flow
label.
-f Flood ping. For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period 忖.忖 is
printed, while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is
printed. This provides a rapid display of how many packets are
being dropped. If interval is not given, it sets interval to
zero and outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hun-
dred times per second, whichever is more. Only the super-user
may use this option with zero interval.
-i interval
Wait interval seconds between sending each packet. The default
is to wait for one second between each packet normally, or not
to wait in flood mode. Only super-user may set interval to val-
ues less 0.2 seconds.
-I interface address
Set source address to specified interface address. Argument may
be numeric IP address or name of device. When pinging IPv6 link-
local address this option is required.
-l preload
If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not wait-
ing for reply. Only the super-user may select preload more than
3.
-L Suppress loopback of multicast packets. This flag only applies
if the ping destination is a multicast address.
-n Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic
names for host addresses.
-p pattern
You may specify up to 16 忖pad忖 bytes to fill out the packet
you send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems
in a network. For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to
be filled with all ones.
-Q tos Set Quality of Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams. tos can
be either decimal or hex number. Traditionally (RFC1349), these
have been interpreted as: 0 for reserved (currently being rede-
fined as congestion control), 1-4 for Type of Service and 5-7
for Precedence. Possible settings for Type of Service are: min-
imal cost: 0x02, reliability: 0x04, throughput: 0x08, low delay:
0x10. Multiple TOS bits should not be set simultaneously. Pos-
sible settings for special Precedence range from priority (0x20)
to net control (0xe0). You must be root (CAP_NET_ADMIN capabil-
ity) to use Critical or higher precedence value. You cannot set
bit 0x01 (reserved) unless ECN has been enabled in the kernel.
In RFC2474, these fields has been redefined as 8-bit Differenti-
ated Services (DS), consisting of: bits 0-1 of separate data
(ECN will be used, here), and bits 2-7 of Differentiated Ser-
vices Codepoint (DSCP).
-q Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at
startup time and when finished.
-R Record route. (IPv4 only) Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in
the ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on
returned packets. Note that the IP header is only large enough
for nine such routes. Many hosts ignore or discard this option.
-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on
an attached interface. If the host is not on a directly-
attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used
to ping a local host through an interface that has no route
through it provided the option -I is also used.
-s packetsize
Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent. The default is
56, which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with
the 8 bytes of ICMP header data.
-S sndbuf
Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer
not more than one packet.
-t ttl Set the IP Time to Live.
-T timestamp option
Set special IP timestamp options. timestamp option may be
either tsonly (only timestamps), tsandaddr (timestamps and
addresses) or tsprespec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp
prespecified hops).
-M hint
Select Path MTU Discovery strategy. hint may be either do (pro-
hibit fragmentation, even local one), want (do PMTU discovery,
fragment locally when packet size is large), or dont (do not set
DF flag).
-U Print full user-to-user latency (the old behaviour). Normally
ping prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e.
due to DNS failures.
-v Verbose output.
-V Show version and exit.
-w deadline
Specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping exits regardless of
how many packets have been sent or received. In this case ping
does not stop after count packet are sent, it waits either for
deadline expire or until count probes are answered or for some
error notification from network.
-W timeout
Time to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only
timeout in absense of any responses, otherwise ping waits for
two RTTs.
When using ping for fault isolation, it should first be run on the
local host, to verify that the local network interface is up and run-
ning. Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be
忖pinged忖. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed.
If duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet
loss calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used
in calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers.
When the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or
if the program is terminated with a SIGINT, a brief summary is dis-
played. Shorter current statistics can be obtained without termination
of process with signal SIGQUIT.
If ping does not receive any reply packets at all it will exit with
code 1. If a packet count and deadline are both specified, and fewer
than count packets are received by the time the deadline has arrived,
it will also exit with code 1. On other error it exits with code 2.
Otherwise it exits with code 0. This makes it possible to use the exit
code to see if a host is alive or not.
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
management. Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is
unwise to use ping during normal operations or from automated scripts.
语 法：ping [-dfnqrRv][-c][-i][-I][-l][-p][-s][-t][主机名称或IP地址]
例如：
1. 指定数据包大小为1500Byte：ping -s 1500 ip
2. 指定次数为4次，数据包大小为32767Byte：ping -c 4 -s 32767 ip
Windows下默认ping包次数为4次，ping包大小为32Byte：
1. 指定ping包大小为1500Byte：ping -l 1500 ip
2. 指定次数为6次，ping包大小为1500：ping -n 6 -l 1500 ip
Linux下ping(vxworks 基本上和linux的一样)大数据包的格式;
ping [ -LRUbdfnqrvVaAB] [ -c count] [ -i interval] [ -l preload] [ -p pattern] [ -s packetsize] [ -t ttl] [ -w deadline] [ -F flowla-bel] [ -I interface] [ -M hint] [ -Q tos] [ -S sndbuf] [ -T times-tamp option] [ -W timeout] [ hop ...] destination
OPTIONS
-a Audible ping.
-A Adaptive ping. Interpacket interval adapts to round-trip time,
so that effectively not more than one (or more, if preload is
set) unanswered probes present in the network. Minimal interval
is 200msec for not super-user. On networks with low rtt this
mode is essentially equivalent to flood mode.
-b Allow pinging a broadcast address.
-B Do not allow ping to change source address of probes. The
address is bound to one selected when ping starts.
-c count
Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets. With deadline
option, ping waits for count ECHO_REPLY packets, until the time-
out expires.
-d Set the SO_DEBUG option on the socket being used. Essentially,
this socket option is not used by Linux kernel.
-F flow label
Allocate and set 20 bit flow label on echo request packets.
(Only ping6). If value is zero, kernel allocates random flow
label.
-f Flood ping. For every ECHO_REQUEST sent a period 忖.忖 is
printed, while for ever ECHO_REPLY received a backspace is
printed. This provides a rapid display of how many packets are
being dropped. If interval is not given, it sets interval to
zero and outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hun-
dred times per second, whichever is more. Only the super-user
may use this option with zero interval.
-i interval
Wait interval seconds between sending each packet. The default
is to wait for one second between each packet normally, or not
to wait in flood mode. Only super-user may set interval to val-
ues less 0.2 seconds.
-I interface address
Set source address to specified interface address. Argument may
be numeric IP address or name of device. When pinging IPv6 link-
local address this option is required.
-l preload
If preload is specified, ping sends that many packets not wait-
ing for reply. Only the super-user may select preload more than
3.
-L Suppress loopback of multicast packets. This flag only applies
if the ping destination is a multicast address.
-n Numeric output only. No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic
names for host addresses.
-p pattern
You may specify up to 16 忖pad忖 bytes to fill out the packet
you send. This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems
in a network. For example, -p ff will cause the sent packet to
be filled with all ones.
-Q tos Set Quality of Service -related bits in ICMP datagrams. tos can
be either decimal or hex number. Traditionally (RFC1349), these
have been interpreted as: 0 for reserved (currently being rede-
fined as congestion control), 1-4 for Type of Service and 5-7
for Precedence. Possible settings for Type of Service are: min-
imal cost: 0x02, reliability: 0x04, throughput: 0x08, low delay:
0x10. Multiple TOS bits should not be set simultaneously. Pos-
sible settings for special Precedence range from priority (0x20)
to net control (0xe0). You must be root (CAP_NET_ADMIN capabil-
ity) to use Critical or higher precedence value. You cannot set
bit 0x01 (reserved) unless ECN has been enabled in the kernel.
In RFC2474, these fields has been redefined as 8-bit Differenti-
ated Services (DS), consisting of: bits 0-1 of separate data
(ECN will be used, here), and bits 2-7 of Differentiated Ser-
vices Codepoint (DSCP).
-q Quiet output. Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at
startup time and when finished.
-R Record route. (IPv4 only) Includes the RECORD_ROUTE option in
the ECHO_REQUEST packet and displays the route buffer on
returned packets. Note that the IP header is only large enough
for nine such routes. Many hosts ignore or discard this option.
-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on
an attached interface. If the host is not on a directly-
attached network, an error is returned. This option can be used
to ping a local host through an interface that has no route
through it provided the option -I is also used.
-s packetsize
Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent. The default is
56, which translates into 64 ICMP data bytes when combined with
the 8 bytes of ICMP header data.
-S sndbuf
Set socket sndbuf. If not specified, it is selected to buffer
not more than one packet.
-t ttl Set the IP Time to Live.
-T timestamp option
Set special IP timestamp options. timestamp option may be
either tsonly (only timestamps), tsandaddr (timestamps and
addresses) or tsprespec host1 [host2 [host3 [host4]]] (timestamp
prespecified hops).
-M hint
Select Path MTU Discovery strategy. hint may be either do (pro-
hibit fragmentation, even local one), want (do PMTU discovery,
fragment locally when packet size is large), or dont (do not set
DF flag).
-U Print full user-to-user latency (the old behaviour). Normally
ping prints network round trip time, which can be different f.e.
due to DNS failures.
-v Verbose output.
-V Show version and exit.
-w deadline
Specify a timeout, in seconds, before ping exits regardless of
how many packets have been sent or received. In this case ping
does not stop after count packet are sent, it waits either for
deadline expire or until count probes are answered or for some
error notification from network.
-W timeout
Time to wait for a response, in seconds. The option affects only
timeout in absense of any responses, otherwise ping waits for
two RTTs.
When using ping for fault isolation, it should first be run on the
local host, to verify that the local network interface is up and run-
ning. Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be
忖pinged忖. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed.
If duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet
loss calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used
in calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers.
When the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or
if the program is terminated with a SIGINT, a brief summary is dis-
played. Shorter current statistics can be obtained without termination
of process with signal SIGQUIT.
If ping does not receive any reply packets at all it will exit with
code 1. If a packet count and deadline are both specified, and fewer
than count packets are received by the time the deadline has arrived,
it will also exit with code 1. On other error it exits with code 2.
Otherwise it exits with code 0. This makes it possible to use the exit
code to see if a host is alive or not.
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
management. Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is
unwise to use ping during normal operations or from automated scripts.
例如：
1. 指定数据包大小为1500Byte：ping -s 1500 ip
2. 指定次数为4次，数据包大小为32767Byte：ping -c 4 -s 32767 ip
Windows下默认ping包次数为4次，ping包大小为32Byte：
1. 指定ping包大小为1500Byte：ping -l 1500 ip
2. 指定次数为6次，ping包大小为1500：ping -n 6 -l 1500 ip
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