生产者消费者问题（Producer：1、Consumer：2、Buffer：4）

现在将消费者改成 2 个，缓冲池改成拥有 4 个缓冲区的大缓冲池。

    如何来思考了这个问题了？首先根据上面分析的二点，可以知道生产者和消费者由一个变成多个的影响不大，唯一要注意的是缓冲池变大了，回顾一下之前提到的信号量，不难得出用二个信号量就可以解决这种缓冲池有多个缓冲区的情况——用一个信号量A来记录为空的缓冲区个数，另一个信号量B记录非空的缓冲区个数，然后生产者等待信号量A，消费者等待信号量B就可以了。因此可以仿照上面的代码来实现复杂生产者消费者问题，示例代码如下：

//1生产者 2消费者 4缓冲区  
#include <stdio.h>  
#include <process.h>  
#include <windows.h>  

#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;

//设置控制台输出颜色  
//SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), wAttributes);  
const int iProduceNumber = 8;//生产产品个数
const int iBufferSize = 4;//缓冲区个数
int arrGlobBuffer[iBufferSize];//缓冲池
int iWrite, iRead;

//信号量与关键段
CRITICAL_SECTION csGlobBuffer;
HANDLE hSemaphoreBufferEmpty;
HANDLE hSemaphoreBufferFull;


//生产者线程函数
UINT WINAPI ProducerProc(PVOID pParam){
	for(int i = 1; i <= iProduceNumber; i++){
		//等待有空的缓冲区出现
		WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphoreBufferEmpty, INFINITE);

		//互斥的访问缓冲区
		EnterCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
		arrGlobBuffer[iWrite] = i*10;
		SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED);  
		cout << "生产者在缓冲池第" << iWrite+1 << "个缓冲区中投放数据" << arrGlobBuffer[iWrite] << endl;
		SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_BLUE);  
		iWrite = (iWrite+1) % iBufferSize;
		LeaveCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);

		//通知消费者有新数据了
		ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphoreBufferFull, 1, NULL);
	}

	//控制台也属于一种竞争的资源，所以也要互斥访问
	EnterCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED);  
	cout << "生产者完成任务，线程结束运行" << endl; 
	SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_BLUE);  
	LeaveCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	return 0;
}

//消费者线程函数 
UINT WINAPI ConsumerProc(PVOID pParam){
	while(true){
		//等待非空的缓冲区出现
		WaitForSingleObject(hSemaphoreBufferFull, INFINITE);

		//互斥的访问缓冲区
		EnterCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
		SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_GREEN);  
		cout << "编号为" << GetCurrentThreadId() << "的消费者从缓冲池中第" << iRead+1 << "个缓冲区取出数据" << arrGlobBuffer[iRead] << endl;
		SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_BLUE);  
		if(arrGlobBuffer[iRead]/10 == iProduceNumber){
			LeaveCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
			//通知其它消费者有新数据了(结束标志)  
			ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphoreBufferFull, 1, NULL);
			break;
		}
		iRead = (iRead+1) % iBufferSize;
		LeaveCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
		ReleaseSemaphore(hSemaphoreBufferEmpty, 1, NULL);
	}

	//控制台也属于一种竞争的资源，所以也要互斥访问
	EnterCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_GREEN);  
	cout << "编号为" << GetCurrentThreadId() << "的消费者收到通知，线程结束运行" << endl;
	SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_BLUE);
	LeaveCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	return 0;
}
 
void main()
{
	//初始化关键段和信号量
	InitializeCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	//初始的时候4个缓冲区为空
	hSemaphoreBufferEmpty = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 4, 4, NULL);//记录空缓冲区个数
	//初始的时候4个缓冲区没有数据
	hSemaphoreBufferFull = CreateSemaphore(NULL, 0, 4, NULL);//录有产品的缓冲区个数

	SetConsoleTextAttribute(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_BLUE);  

	memset(arrGlobBuffer, 0, sizeof(int)*iBufferSize);
	iWrite = iRead = 0;
	HANDLE hThreads[3];
	//1个生产者线程
	hThreads[0] = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, ProducerProc, NULL, 0, NULL);
	//2个消费者线程
	hThreads[1] = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, ConsumerProc, NULL, 0, NULL);
	hThreads[2] = (HANDLE)_beginthreadex(NULL, 0, ConsumerProc, NULL, 0, NULL);
	WaitForMultipleObjects(3, hThreads, TRUE, INFINITE);
	for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
		CloseHandle(hThreads[i]);
	}

	//销毁关键段和信号量
	DeleteCriticalSection(&csGlobBuffer);
	CloseHandle(hSemaphoreBufferEmpty);
	CloseHandle(hSemaphoreBufferFull);
}

至此，生产者消费者问题已经圆满的解决了，下面作个总结：

1．首先要考虑生产者与消费者对缓冲区操作时的互斥。

2．不管生产者与消费者有多少个，缓冲池有多少个缓冲区。都只有二个同步过程——分别是生产者要等待有空缓冲区才能投放产品，消费者要等待有非空缓冲区才能去取产品。