from:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa645740(v=vs.71).aspx
Threading Tutorial
The advantage of threading is the ability to create applications that use more than one thread of execution. For example, a process can have a user interface thread that manages interactions with the user and worker threads that perform other tasks while the user interface thread waits for user input.
This tutorial demonstrates various thread activities:
- Creating and executing a thread
- Synchronization of threads
- Interaction between threads
- Using a thread pool
- Using a mutex object to protect a shared resource
Sample Files
See Threading Sample to download and build the sample files discussed in this tutorial.
Further Reading
- Threads and Threading
- Threading Objects and Features
- System.Threading Namespace
- lock Statement
- Wait Synchronization Technology Sample
Tutorial
This tutorial contains the following examples:
- Example 1: Creating, starting, and interacting between threads
- Example 2: Synchronizing two threads: a producer and a consumer
- Example 3: Using a thread pool
- Example 4: Using the Mutex object
Example 1: Creating, starting, and interacting between threads
This example demonstrates how to create and start a thread, and shows the interaction between two threads running simultaneously within the same process. Note that you don't have to stop or free the thread. This is done automatically by the .NET Framework common language runtime.
The program begins by creating an object of type Alpha (oAlpha) and a thread (oThread) that references the Beta method of the Alpha class. The thread is then started. The IsAlive property of the thread allows the program to wait until the thread is initialized (created, allocated, and so on). The main thread is accessed through Thread, and the Sleep method tells the thread to give up its time slice and stop executing for a certain amount of milliseconds. The oThread is then stopped and joined. Joining a thread makes the main thread wait for it to die or for a specified time to expire (for more details, see Thread.Join Method). Finally, the program attempts to restart oThread, but fails because a thread cannot be restarted after it is stopped (aborted). For information on temporary cessation of execution, see Suspending Thread Execution.
// StopJoin.cs
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class Alpha
{
// This method that will be called when the thread is started
public void Beta()
{
while (true)
{
Console.WriteLine("Alpha.Beta is running in its own thread.");
}
}
};
public class Simple
{
public static int Main()
{
Console.WriteLine("Thread Start/Stop/Join Sample");
Alpha oAlpha = new Alpha();
// Create the thread object, passing in the Alpha.Beta method
// via a ThreadStart delegate. This does not start the thread.
Thread oThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(oAlpha.Beta));
// Start the thread
oThread.Start();
// Spin for a while waiting for the started thread to become
// alive:
while (!oThread.IsAlive);
// Put the Main thread to sleep for 1 millisecond to allow oThread
// to do some work:
Thread.Sleep(1);
// Request that oThread be stopped
oThread.Abort();
// Wait until oThread finishes. Join also has overloads
// that take a millisecond interval or a TimeSpan object.
oThread.Join();
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Alpha.Beta has finished");
try
{
Console.WriteLine("Try to restart the Alpha.Beta thread");
oThread.Start();
}
catch (ThreadStateException)
{
Console.Write("ThreadStateException trying to restart Alpha.Beta. ");
Console.WriteLine("Expected since aborted threads cannot be restarted.");
}
return 0;
}
}
Example Output
Thread Start/Stop/Join Sample Alpha.Beta is running in its own thread. Alpha.Beta is running in its own thread. Alpha.Beta is running in its own thread. ... ... Alpha.Beta has finished Try to restart the Alpha.Beta thread ThreadStateException trying to restart Alpha.Beta. Expected since aborted threads cannot be restarted.
Example 2: Synchronizing two threads: a producer and a consumer
The following example shows how synchronization can be accomplished using the C# lock keyword and the Pulse method of the Monitor object. The Pulse method notifies a thread in the waiting queue of a change in the object's state (for more details on pulses, see the Monitor.Pulse Method).
The example creates a Cell object that has two methods: ReadFromCell and WriteToCell. Two other objects are created from classes CellProd and CellCons; these objects both have a method ThreadRun whose job is to callReadFromCell and WriteToCell. Synchronization is accomplished by waiting for "pulses" from the Monitor object, which come in order. That is, first an item is produced (the consumer at this point is waiting for a pulse), then a pulse occurs, then the consumer consumes the production (while the producer is waiting for a pulse), and so on.
// MonitorSample.cs
// This example shows use of the following methods of the C# lock keyword
// and the Monitor class
// in threads:
// Monitor.Pulse(Object)
// Monitor.Wait(Object)
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class MonitorSample
{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
int result = 0; // Result initialized to say there is no error
Cell cell = new Cell( );
CellProd prod = new CellProd(cell, 20); // Use cell for storage,
// produce 20 items
CellCons cons = new CellCons(cell, 20); // Use cell for storage,
// consume 20 items
Thread producer = new Thread(new ThreadStart(prod.ThreadRun));
Thread consumer = new Thread(new ThreadStart(cons.ThreadRun));
// Threads producer and consumer have been created,
// but not started at this point.
try
{
producer.Start( );
consumer.Start( );
producer.Join( ); // Join both threads with no timeout
// Run both until done.
consumer.Join( );
// threads producer and consumer have finished at this point.
}
catch (ThreadStateException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e); // Display text of exception
result = 1; // Result says there was an error
}
catch (ThreadInterruptedException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e); // This exception means that the thread
// was interrupted during a Wait
result = 1; // Result says there was an error
}
// Even though Main returns void, this provides a return code to
// the parent process.
Environment.ExitCode = result;
}
}
public class CellProd
{
Cell cell; // Field to hold cell object to be used
int quantity = 1; // Field for how many items to produce in cell
public CellProd(Cell box, int request)
{
cell = box; // Pass in what cell object to be used
quantity = request; // Pass in how many items to produce in cell
}
public void ThreadRun( )
{
for(int looper=1; looper<=quantity; looper++)
cell.WriteToCell(looper); // "producing"
}
}
public class CellCons
{
Cell cell; // Field to hold cell object to be used
int quantity = 1; // Field for how many items to consume from cell
public CellCons(Cell box, int request)
{
cell = box; // Pass in what cell object to be used
quantity = request; // Pass in how many items to consume from cell
}
public void ThreadRun( )
{
int valReturned;
for(int looper=1; looper<=quantity; looper++)
// Consume the result by placing it in valReturned.
valReturned=cell.ReadFromCell( );
}
}
public class Cell
{
int cellContents; // Cell contents
bool readerFlag = false; // State flag
public int ReadFromCell( )
{
lock(this) // Enter synchronization block
{
if (!readerFlag)
{ // Wait until Cell.WriteToCell is done producing
try
{
// Waits for the Monitor.Pulse in WriteToCell
Monitor.Wait(this);
}
catch (SynchronizationLockException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
catch (ThreadInterruptedException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Consume: {0}",cellContents);
readerFlag = false; // Reset the state flag to say consuming
// is done.
Monitor.Pulse(this); // Pulse tells Cell.WriteToCell that
// Cell.ReadFromCell is done.
} // Exit synchronization block
return cellContents;
}
public void WriteToCell(int n)
{
lock(this) // Enter synchronization block
{
if (readerFlag)
{ // Wait until Cell.ReadFromCell is done consuming.
try
{
Monitor.Wait(this); // Wait for the Monitor.Pulse in
// ReadFromCell
}
catch (SynchronizationLockException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
catch (ThreadInterruptedException e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
}
cellContents = n;
Console.WriteLine("Produce: {0}",cellContents);
readerFlag = true; // Reset the state flag to say producing
// is done
Monitor.Pulse(this); // Pulse tells Cell.ReadFromCell that
// Cell.WriteToCell is done.
} // Exit synchronization block
}
}
Example Output
Produce: 1 Consume: 1 Produce: 2 Consume: 2 Produce: 3 Consume: 3 ... ... Produce: 20 Consume: 20
Example 3: Using a thread pool
The following example shows how to use a thread pool. It first creates a ManualResetEvent object, which enables the program to know when the thread pool has finished running all of the work items. Next, it attempts to add one thread to the thread pool. If this succeeds, it adds the rest (four in this example). The thread pool will then put work items into available threads. The WaitOne method on eventX is called, which causes the rest of the program to wait until the event is triggered (with the eventX.Set method). Finally, the program prints out the load (the thread that actually executes a particular work item) on the threads.
// SimplePool.cs
// Simple thread pool example
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Threading;
// Useful way to store info that can be passed as a state on a work item
public class SomeState
{
public int Cookie;
public SomeState(int iCookie)
{
Cookie = iCookie;
}
}
public class Alpha
{
public Hashtable HashCount;
public ManualResetEvent eventX;
public static int iCount = 0;
public static int iMaxCount = 0;
public Alpha(int MaxCount)
{
HashCount = new Hashtable(MaxCount);
iMaxCount = MaxCount;
}
// Beta is the method that will be called when the work item is
// serviced on the thread pool.
// That means this method will be called when the thread pool has
// an available thread for the work item.
public void Beta(Object state)
{
// Write out the hashcode and cookie for the current thread
Console.WriteLine(" {0} {1} :", Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode(),
((SomeState)state).Cookie);
// The lock keyword allows thread-safe modification
// of variables accessible across multiple threads.
Console.WriteLine(
"HashCount.Count=={0}, Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()=={1}",
HashCount.Count,
Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode());
lock (HashCount)
{
if (!HashCount.ContainsKey(Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()))
HashCount.Add (Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode(), 0);
HashCount[Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()] =
((int)HashCount[Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()])+1;
}
// Do some busy work.
// Note: Depending on the speed of your machine, if you
// increase this number, the dispersement of the thread
// loads should be wider.
int iX = 2000;
Thread.Sleep(iX);
// The Interlocked.Increment method allows thread-safe modification
// of variables accessible across multiple threads.
Interlocked.Increment(ref iCount);
if (iCount == iMaxCount)
{
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Setting eventX ");
eventX.Set();
}
}
}
public class SimplePool
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Thread Pool Sample:");
bool W2K = false;
int MaxCount = 10; // Allow a total of 10 threads in the pool
// Mark the event as unsignaled.
ManualResetEvent eventX = new ManualResetEvent(false);
Console.WriteLine("Queuing {0} items to Thread Pool", MaxCount);
Alpha oAlpha = new Alpha(MaxCount); // Create the work items.
// Make sure the work items have a reference to the signaling event.
oAlpha.eventX = eventX;
Console.WriteLine("Queue to Thread Pool 0");
try
{
// Queue the work items, which has the added effect of checking
// which OS is running.
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(new WaitCallback(oAlpha.Beta),
new SomeState(0));
W2K = true;
}
catch (NotSupportedException)
{
Console.WriteLine("These API's may fail when called on a non-Windows 2000 system.");
W2K = false;
}
if (W2K) // If running on an OS which supports the ThreadPool methods.
{
for (int iItem=1;iItem < MaxCount;iItem++)
{
// Queue the work items:
Console.WriteLine("Queue to Thread Pool {0}", iItem);
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(new WaitCallback(oAlpha.Beta),new SomeState(iItem));
}
Console.WriteLine("Waiting for Thread Pool to drain");
// The call to exventX.WaitOne sets the event to wait until
// eventX.Set() occurs.
// (See oAlpha.Beta).
// Wait until event is fired, meaning eventX.Set() was called:
eventX.WaitOne(Timeout.Infinite,true);
// The WaitOne won't return until the event has been signaled.
Console.WriteLine("Thread Pool has been drained (Event fired)");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Load across threads");
foreach(object o in oAlpha.HashCount.Keys)
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1}", o, oAlpha.HashCount[o]);
}
return 0;
}
}
Example Output
Note The following output will vary from one computer to another.
Thread Pool Sample: Queuing 10 items to Thread Pool Queue to Thread Pool 0 Queue to Thread Pool 1 ... ... Queue to Thread Pool 9 Waiting for Thread Pool to drain 98 0 : HashCount.Count==0, Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()==98 100 1 : HashCount.Count==1, Thread.CurrentThread.GetHashCode()==100 98 2 : ... ... Setting eventX Thread Pool has been drained (Event fired) Load across threads 101 2 100 3 98 4 102 1
Example 4: Using the Mutex object
You can use a mutex object to protect a shared resource from simultaneous access by multiple threads or processes. The state of a mutex object is either set to signaled, when it is not owned by any thread, or nonsignaled, when it is owned. Only one thread at a time can own a mutex object. For example, to prevent two threads from writing to shared memory at the same time, each thread waits for ownership of a mutex object before executing the code that accesses the memory. After writing to the shared memory, the thread releases the mutex object.
This example demonstrates how to use the classes Mutex, AutoResetEvent, and WaitHandle in processing threads. It also demonstrates the methods used in processing the mutex object.
// Mutex.cs
// Mutex object example
using System;
using System.Threading;
public class MutexSample
{
static Mutex gM1;
static Mutex gM2;
const int ITERS = 100;
static AutoResetEvent Event1 = new AutoResetEvent(false);
static AutoResetEvent Event2 = new AutoResetEvent(false);
static AutoResetEvent Event3 = new AutoResetEvent(false);
static AutoResetEvent Event4 = new AutoResetEvent(false);
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Mutex Sample ...");
// Create Mutex initialOwned, with name of "MyMutex".
gM1 = new Mutex(true,"MyMutex");
// Create Mutex initialOwned, with no name.
gM2 = new Mutex(true);
Console.WriteLine(" - Main Owns gM1 and gM2");
AutoResetEvent[] evs = new AutoResetEvent[4];
evs[0] = Event1; // Event for t1
evs[1] = Event2; // Event for t2
evs[2] = Event3; // Event for t3
evs[3] = Event4; // Event for t4
MutexSample tm = new MutexSample( );
Thread t1 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tm.t1Start));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tm.t2Start));
Thread t3 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tm.t3Start));
Thread t4 = new Thread(new ThreadStart(tm.t4Start));
t1.Start( ); // Does Mutex.WaitAll(Mutex[] of gM1 and gM2)
t2.Start( ); // Does Mutex.WaitOne(Mutex gM1)
t3.Start( ); // Does Mutex.WaitAny(Mutex[] of gM1 and gM2)
t4.Start( ); // Does Mutex.WaitOne(Mutex gM2)
Thread.Sleep(2000);
Console.WriteLine(" - Main releases gM1");
gM1.ReleaseMutex( ); // t2 and t3 will end and signal
Thread.Sleep(1000);
Console.WriteLine(" - Main releases gM2");
gM2.ReleaseMutex( ); // t1 and t4 will end and signal
// Waiting until all four threads signal that they are done.
WaitHandle.WaitAll(evs);
Console.WriteLine("... Mutex Sample");
}
public void t1Start( )
{
Console.WriteLine("t1Start started, Mutex.WaitAll(Mutex[])");
Mutex[] gMs = new Mutex[2];
gMs[0] = gM1; // Create and load an array of Mutex for WaitAll call
gMs[1] = gM2;
Mutex.WaitAll(gMs); // Waits until both gM1 and gM2 are released
Thread.Sleep(2000);
Console.WriteLine("t1Start finished, Mutex.WaitAll(Mutex[]) satisfied");
Event1.Set( ); // AutoResetEvent.Set() flagging method is done
}
public void t2Start( )
{
Console.WriteLine("t2Start started, gM1.WaitOne( )");
gM1.WaitOne( ); // Waits until Mutex gM1 is released
Console.WriteLine("t2Start finished, gM1.WaitOne( ) satisfied");
Event2.Set( ); // AutoResetEvent.Set() flagging method is done
}
public void t3Start( )
{
Console.WriteLine("t3Start started, Mutex.WaitAny(Mutex[])");
Mutex[] gMs = new Mutex[2];
gMs[0] = gM1; // Create and load an array of Mutex for WaitAny call
gMs[1] = gM2;
Mutex.WaitAny(gMs); // Waits until either Mutex is released
Console.WriteLine("t3Start finished, Mutex.WaitAny(Mutex[])");
Event3.Set( ); // AutoResetEvent.Set() flagging method is done
}
public void t4Start( )
{
Console.WriteLine("t4Start started, gM2.WaitOne( )");
gM2.WaitOne( ); // Waits until Mutex gM2 is released
Console.WriteLine("t4Start finished, gM2.WaitOne( )");
Event4.Set( ); // AutoResetEvent.Set() flagging method is done
}
}
Sample Output
Mutex Sample ... - Main Owns gM1 and gM2 t1Start started, Mutex.WaitAll(Mutex[]) t2Start started, gM1.WaitOne( ) t3Start started, Mutex.WaitAny(Mutex[]) t4Start started, gM2.WaitOne( ) - Main releases gM1 t2Start finished, gM1.WaitOne( ) satisfied t3Start finished, Mutex.WaitAny(Mutex[]) - Main releases gM2 t1Start finished, Mutex.WaitAll(Mutex[]) satisfied t4Start finished, gM2.WaitOne( ) ... Mutex Sample
Note The output of the example may vary from one machine to another and from one run to another. The speed and operating system of the machine running the sample can affect the output order. In multithread environments, events may not occur in the order that you expect.
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