Nginx-反向代理与负载均衡-后端状态（配置）

 使用负载均衡的好处

• 当我们的web服务直接面向用户，往往要承接大量的并发请求，单台服务难以负荷。
• 我们要使用多台web服务器组成集群，前端使用负载均衡，将请求分发到后端服务中
• 提升整体性能，以及系统的容灾能力

配置文件【编写】

[root@nginx nginx]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy_web.conf 
upstream node {
  server 192.168.200.121:80;
  server 192.168.200.122:80;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name www.test.org;

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://node;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
  }
}

调度算法

轮询	按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端（默认）
weight	加权轮询，weight值越大，分配的访问机率越高
ip_haship_hash	IP固定访问
least_connleast_conn	将请求传递到活动连接数量少的后端

轮询配置 -wrr【默认】

upstream web {
    server 192.168.200.121:80;
    server 192.168.200.122:80;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.test.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://web;
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

weight-权重轮询

upstream web{
    server 192.168.200.121:80 weight=5;
    server 192.168.200.122:80 weight=6;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.test.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://web;
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

ip_hash配置【固定IP访问后端服务器】

• 缺点大
  • 当大量用户上网的方式是通过同一台路由器【同一家公司】，那么他们的IP都会是相同的
  • 访问服务站点时，通过IP_hash调度到相同的后端
  • 导致后端某一个节点压力瞬间增大

upstream node {
  ip_hash;
  server 192.168.200.121:80;
  server 192.168.200.122:80;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name www.test.org;

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://node;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
  }
}

负载均衡-后端状态

down	当前server不参与调度
backup	后端全部宕机后，启用预留的备份服务器
max_fails	允许请求失败的次数
fail_timeout	经过max_fails失败后，服务暂停时间
max_conns	限制最大的接收连接数

down【不参与调度】

upstream web {
    server 192.168.200.121:80 down;
    server 192.168.200.122:80;
}
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.test.org;
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://web;
        proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }
}

backup【备份服务】

• 当后端服务器宕机，就会调度到backup备份服务
• 当服务恢复后，backup停止服务，等待下一次宕机

upstream node {
  server 192.168.200.121:80 backup;
  server 192.168.200.122:80;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name www.test.org;

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://node;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
  }
}

max_fails和fail_timeout【允许多少秒内连接失败的次数】

upstream node {
  server 192.168.200.121:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
  server 192.168.200.122:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name www.test.org;

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://node;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
  }
}

max_conns【限制server最大的连接数】

upstream node {
  server 192.168.200.121:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s max_conns=1000;
  server 192.168.200.122:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s max_conns=1000;
}

server {
  listen 80;
  server_name www.test.org;

  location / {
    proxy_pass http://node;
    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
  }
}