【flutter】HelloWorld篇

1. statelessWidget是不可改变的，意味着所有的属性值都是final
2. statefulWidget可以创建state类
3. 第一个Hello World程序所在地
   代码如下：

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:english_words/english_words.dart';
void main() {
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  // This widget is the root of your application.
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final wordPair = WordPair.random();
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Startup Name Generator',
      home: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: const Text("Startup Name Generator"),
        ),
        body: const Center(
          child: RandomWords(),
        )
      )
    );
  }
}
class RandomWords extends StatefulWidget {
  const RandomWords({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  State<RandomWords> createState() => _RandomWordsState();
}

class _RandomWordsState extends State<RandomWords> {
  final _suggestions = <WordPair>[];
  final _biggerFont = const TextStyle(fontSize: 18);
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final wordPair = WordPair.random();
    return ListView.builder(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16.0),
      itemBuilder: (context,i) {
        if( i.isOdd ) return const Divider();
        final index = i ~/ 2;
        if( index >= _suggestions.length ){
          _suggestions.addAll(generateWordPairs().take(10));
        }
        return ListTile(
          title: Text(
            _suggestions[index].asPascalCase,
            style: _biggerFont,
          ),
        );
      },
    );
  }
}

4. 页面跳转的时候会通过Navigator维护一个route栈
5. BuildContext作用：为小部件的构建提供了所需的前后关系，即谁是嫩爹
   参照官网文档指南，我完成了如下工作：

• 完善了stateful widget，给app添加了交互
• 创建了路由，并且添加了转移逻辑
• 改变appUI的主题色
  代码如下：

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:english_words/english_words.dart';
void main() {
  runApp(const MyApp());
}

class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
  const MyApp({super.key});

  // This widget is the root of your application.
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final wordPair = WordPair.random();
    return MaterialApp(
      title: 'Startup Name Generator',
      theme: ThemeData(
        appBarTheme: const AppBarTheme(
          backgroundColor: Colors.pink,
          foregroundColor: Colors.white,
        ),
      ),
      home: const RandomWords(),
    );
  }
}
class RandomWords extends StatefulWidget {
  const RandomWords({Key? key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  State<RandomWords> createState() => _RandomWordsState();
}

class _RandomWordsState extends State<RandomWords> {
  final _suggestions = <WordPair>[];
  final _biggerFont = const TextStyle(fontSize: 18);
  final _saved = <WordPair>{};  //part2
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    final wordPair = WordPair.random();
    void _pushSaved() {
      Navigator.of(context).push(
        // Add lines from here...
        MaterialPageRoute<void>(
          builder: (context) {
            final tiles = _saved.map(
                  (pair) {
                return ListTile(
                  title: Text(
                    pair.asPascalCase,
                    style: _biggerFont,
                  ),
                );
              },
            );
            final divided = tiles.isNotEmpty
                ? ListTile.divideTiles(
              context: context,
              tiles: tiles,
            ).toList()
                : <Widget>[];

            return Scaffold(
              appBar: AppBar(
                title: const Text('Saved Suggestions'),
              ),
              body: ListView(children: divided),
            );
          },
        ), // ...to here.
      );
    }
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: const Text('Startup Name Generator'),
        actions: [
          IconButton(
          tooltip: 'Saved Suggestions',
          onPressed: _pushSaved,
          icon: const Icon(Icons.list)
          ),
        ],
      ),
      body: ListView.builder(
        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16.0),
        itemBuilder: (context,i) {  //每一行的元素都会调用一次
          if( i.isOdd ) return const Divider();
          final index = i ~/ 2;
          if( index >= _suggestions.length ){
            _suggestions.addAll(generateWordPairs().take(10));
          }
          final alreadySaved = _saved.contains(_suggestions[index]);//part2
          return ListTile(
            title: Text(
              _suggestions[index].asPascalCase,
              style: _biggerFont,
            ),
            //part2
            trailing: Icon(
              alreadySaved ?  Icons.favorite: Icons.favorite_border,
              color: alreadySaved? Colors.red:null,
              semanticLabel: alreadySaved ? 'Remove from saved':'save',
            ),
            onTap: (){
              //在Flutter的响应式框架中，setState会激发state对象的build方法，进而导致UI的更新
              setState(() {
                if( alreadySaved ){
                  _saved.remove(_suggestions[index]);
                }else{
                  _saved.add(_suggestions[index]);
                }
              });
            },
          );
        },
      ),
    );


  }
}



class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
  const MyHomePage({super.key, required this.title});

  // This widget is the home page of your application. It is stateful, meaning
  // that it has a State object (defined below) that contains fields that affect
  // how it looks.

  // This class is the configuration for the state. It holds the values (in this
  // case the title) provided by the parent (in this case the App widget) and
  // used by the build method of the State. Fields in a Widget subclass are
  // always marked "final".

  final String title;

  @override
  State<MyHomePage> createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}

class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
  int _counter = 0;

  void _incrementCounter() {
    setState(() {
      // This call to setState tells the Flutter framework that something has
      // changed in this State, which causes it to rerun the build method below
      // so that the display can reflect the updated values. If we changed
      // _counter without calling setState(), then the build method would not be
      // called again, and so nothing would appear to happen.
      _counter++;
    });
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    // This method is rerun every time setState is called, for instance as done
    // by the _incrementCounter method above.
    //
    // The Flutter framework has been optimized to make rerunning build methods
    // fast, so that you can just rebuild anything that needs updating rather
    // than having to individually change instances of widgets.
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        // Here we take the value from the MyHomePage object that was created by
        // the App.build method, and use it to set our appbar title.
        title: Text(widget.title),
      ),
      body: Center(
        // Center is a layout widget. It takes a single child and positions it
        // in the middle of the parent.
        child: Column(
          // Column is also a layout widget. It takes a list of children and
          // arranges them vertically. By default, it sizes itself to fit its
          // children horizontally, and tries to be as tall as its parent.
          //
          // Invoke "debug painting" (press "p" in the console, choose the
          // "Toggle Debug Paint" action from the Flutter Inspector in Android
          // Studio, or the "Toggle Debug Paint" command in Visual Studio Code)
          // to see the wireframe for each widget.
          //
          // Column has various properties to control how it sizes itself and
          // how it positions its children. Here we use mainAxisAlignment to
          // center the children vertically; the main axis here is the vertical
          // axis because Columns are vertical (the cross axis would be
          // horizontal).
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: <Widget>[
            const Text(
              'You have pushed the button this many times:',
            ),
            Text(
              '$_counter',
              style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: _incrementCounter,
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ), // This trailing comma makes auto-formatting nicer for build methods.
    );
  }
}

效果如下：