对于
h
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
×
g
(
x
)
h(x)=f(x)\times g(x)
h(x)=f(x)×g(x)，考虑拆分
f
(
x
)
,
g
(
x
)
,
h
(
x
)
f(x),g(x),h(x)
f(x),g(x),h(x)。令
f
(
x
)
=
A
0
(
x
2
)
+
A
1
(
x
2
)
x
f(x)=A_0(x^2)+A_1(x^2)x
f(x)=A0(x2)+A1(x2)x，
g
(
x
)
=
B
0
(
x
2
)
+
B
1
(
x
2
)
x
g(x)=B_0(x^2)+B_1(x^2)x
g(x)=B0(x2)+B1(x2)x，
h
(
x
)
=
C
0
(
x
2
)
+
C
1
(
x
2
)
x
h(x)=C_0(x^2)+C_1(x^2)x
h(x)=C0(x2)+C1(x2)x，其中
A
0
(
x
)
,
A
1
(
x
)
,
B
0
(
x
)
,
B
1
(
x
)
A_0(x),A_1(x),B_0(x),B_1(x)
A0(x),A1(x),B0(x),B1(x)为关于
x
x
x的
(
n
2
−
1
)
(\frac{n}{2}-1)
(2n−1)次多项式（但实际上我们会把它们看成关于
x
x
x的
(
n
−
1
)
(n-1)
(n−1)次多项式），
C
0
(
x
)
,
C
1
(
x
)
C_0(x),C_1(x)
C0(x),C1(x)为关于
x
x
x的
(
n
−
1
)
(n-1)
(n−1)次多项式（尽管
C
1
(
x
)
n
−
1
=
0
C_1(x)_{n-1}=0
C1(x)n−1=0，但是我们仍然可以把
C
1
(
x
)
C_1(x)
C1(x)看成关于
x
x
x的
(
n
−
1
)
(n-1)
(n−1)次多项式）。有
h
(
x
)
2
k
=
∑
i
=
0
2
k
A
(
x
)
i
B
(
x
)
2
k
−
i
=
∑
i
=
0
k
(
A
(
x
)
2
i
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
+
A
(
x
)
2
i
+
1
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
−
1
)
=
∑
i
=
0
k
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
B
0
(
x
)
k
−
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
B
1
(
x
)
k
−
i
−
1
)
=
C
0
(
x
)
k
\begin{aligned} h(x)_{2k}&=\sum_{i=0}^{2k}A(x)_iB(x)_{2k-i}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^k(A(x)_{2i}B(x)_{2(k-i)}+A(x)_{2i+1}B(x)_{2(k-i)-1})\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^k(A_0(x)_iB_0(x)_{k-i}+A_1(x)_iB_1(x)_{k-i-1})=C_0(x)_k \end{aligned}
h(x)2k=i=0∑2kA(x)iB(x)2k−i=i=0∑k(A(x)2iB(x)2(k−i)+A(x)2i+1B(x)2(k−i)−1)=i=0∑k(A0(x)iB0(x)k−i+A1(x)iB1(x)k−i−1)=C0(x)k
以及
h
(
x
)
2
k
+
1
=
∑
i
=
0
2
k
+
1
A
(
x
)
i
B
(
x
)
2
k
+
1
−
i
=
∑
i
=
0
k
(
A
(
x
)
2
i
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
+
1
+
A
(
x
)
2
i
+
1
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
)
=
∑
i
=
0
k
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
B
1
(
x
)
k
−
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
B
0
(
x
)
k
−
i
)
=
C
1
(
x
)
k
\begin{aligned} h(x)_{2k+1}&=\sum_{i=0}^{2k+1}A(x)_iB(x)_{2k+1-i}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^k(A(x)_{2i}B(x)_{2(k-i)+1}+A(x)_{2i+1}B(x)_{2(k-i)})\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^k(A_0(x)_iB_1(x)_{k-i}+A_1(x)_iB_0(x)_{k-i})=C_1(x)_k \end{aligned}
h(x)2k+1=i=0∑2k+1A(x)iB(x)2k+1−i=i=0∑k(A(x)2iB(x)2(k−i)+1+A(x)2i+1B(x)2(k−i))=i=0∑k(A0(x)iB1(x)k−i+A1(x)iB0(x)k−i)=C1(x)k
其中
k
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
(
n
−
1
)
k=0,1,2,\cdots,(n-1)
k=0,1,2,⋯,(n−1)。注意到等式
∑
i
=
0
2
k
A
(
x
)
i
B
(
x
)
2
k
−
i
=
∑
i
=
0
k
(
A
(
x
)
2
i
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
+
A
(
x
)
2
i
+
1
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
−
1
)
\sum_{i=0}^{2k}A(x)_iB(x)_{2k-i}=\sum_{i=0}^k(A(x)_{2i}B(x)_{2(k-i)}+A(x)_{2i+1}B(x)_{2(k-i)-1})
∑i=02kA(x)iB(x)2k−i=∑i=0k(A(x)2iB(x)2(k−i)+A(x)2i+1B(x)2(k−i)−1)右侧当
i
=
k
i=k
i=k时
A
(
x
)
2
i
+
1
B
(
x
)
2
(
k
−
i
)
−
1
=
A
(
x
)
2
k
+
1
B
(
x
)
−
1
A(x)_{2i+1}B(x)_{2(k-i)-1}=A(x)_{2k+1}B(x)_{-1}
A(x)2i+1B(x)2(k−i)−1=A(x)2k+1B(x)−1，但这不影响结果，因为
B
(
x
)
−
1
=
0
B(x)_{-1}=0
B(x)−1=0。
考虑构造
α
A
(
x
)
=
A
0
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
−
1
\alpha_A(x)=A_0(x)+A_1(x)\sqrt{-1}
αA(x)=A0(x)+A1(x)−1，
α
B
(
x
)
=
B
0
(
x
)
+
B
1
(
x
)
−
1
\alpha_B(x)=B_0(x)+B_1(x)\sqrt{-1}
αB(x)=B0(x)+B1(x)−1，
α
(
x
)
=
α
A
(
x
)
×
α
B
(
x
)
=
[
A
0
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
−
1
]
[
B
0
(
x
)
+
B
1
(
x
)
−
1
]
\alpha(x)=\alpha_A(x)\times\alpha_B(x)=[A_0(x)+A_1(x)\sqrt{-1}][B_0(x)+B_1(x)\sqrt{-1}]
α(x)=αA(x)×αB(x)=[A0(x)+A1(x)−1][B0(x)+B1(x)−1]，则有
X
α
(
a
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
{
[
A
0
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
−
1
]
[
B
0
(
x
)
+
B
1
(
x
)
−
1
]
}
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
[
(
A
0
(
x
)
B
0
(
x
)
−
A
1
(
x
)
B
1
(
x
)
)
+
(
A
0
(
x
)
B
1
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
B
0
(
x
)
)
−
1
]
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
[
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
(
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
)
−
1
]
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} X_\alpha(a)&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\{[A_0(x)+A_1(x)\sqrt{-1}][B_0(x)+B_1(x)\sqrt{-1}]\}_i(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}[(A_0(x)B_0(x)-A_1(x)B_1(x))+(A_0(x)B_1(x)+A_1(x)B_0(x))\sqrt{-1}]_i(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i}[A_0(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j}-A_1(x)_{j}B_1(x)_{i-j}+(A_0(x)_{j}B_1(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_{j}B_0(x)_{i-j})\sqrt{-1}](\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
Xα(a)=i=0∑n−1{[A0(x)+A1(x)−1][B0(x)+B1(x)−1]}i(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1[(A0(x)B0(x)−A1(x)B1(x))+(A0(x)B1(x)+A1(x)B0(x))−1]i(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i[A0(x)jB0(x)i−j−A1(x)jB1(x)i−j+(A0(x)jB1(x)i−j+A1(x)jB0(x)i−j)−1](ωn)ai
其中
a
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
(
n
−
1
)
a=0,1,2,\cdots,(n-1)
a=0,1,2,⋯,(n−1)。
考虑再构造
β
(
x
)
=
C
0
(
x
)
+
C
1
(
x
)
−
1
\beta(x)=C_0(x)+C_1(x)\sqrt{-1}
β(x)=C0(x)+C1(x)−1，则有
β
(
x
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
{
[
∑
j
=
0
i
(
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
)
]
+
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
[
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
]
}
x
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
[
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
+
(
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
)
−
1
]
x
i
\begin{aligned} \beta(x)&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\{[\sum_{j=0}^i(A_0(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1})]+\sqrt{-1}\sum_{j=0}^i[A_0(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j}]\}x^i\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^i[A_0(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}+(A_0(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j})\sqrt{-1}]x^i \end{aligned}
β(x)=i=0∑n−1{[j=0∑i(A0(x)jB0(x)i−j+A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1)]+−1j=0∑i[A0(x)jB1(x)i−j+A1(x)jB0(x)i−j]}xi=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i[A0(x)jB0(x)i−j+A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1+(A0(x)jB1(x)i−j+A1(x)jB0(x)i−j)−1]xi
于是有
X
β
(
a
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
[
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
+
(
A
0
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
0
(
x
)
i
−
j
)
−
1
]
(
ω
n
)
a
i
X_\beta(a)=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^i[A_0(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}+(A_0(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}+A_1(x)_jB_0(x)_{i-j})\sqrt{-1}](\omega_n)^{ai}
Xβ(a)=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i[A0(x)jB0(x)i−j+A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1+(A0(x)jB1(x)i−j+A1(x)jB0(x)i−j)−1](ωn)ai
其中
a
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
(
n
−
1
)
a=0,1,2,\cdots,(n-1)
a=0,1,2,⋯,(n−1)。
对比
X
α
X_\alpha
Xα和
X
β
X_\beta
Xβ的解析式，发现它们十分相似。考虑将它们相减并消去相同的项，有
X
β
(
a
)
−
X
α
(
a
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
(
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
+
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
+
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
\begin{aligned} X_\beta(a)-X_\alpha(a)&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^i(A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}+A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j})(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}]+[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}] \end{aligned}
Xβ(a)−Xα(a)=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i(A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1+A1(x)jB1(x)i−j)(ωn)ai=[i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai]+[i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai]
观察
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}
∑i=0n−1∑j=0iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai，发现式中当
j
=
i
j=i
j=i时
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
=
A
1
(
x
)
i
B
1
(
x
)
−
1
=
0
A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}=A_1(x)_iB_1(x)_{-1}=0
A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1=A1(x)iB1(x)−1=0。于是有
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}
i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i−1A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai
再次观察发现，
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}
∑i=0n−1∑j=0i−1A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai中当
i
=
0
i=0
i=0时
j
j
j不存在，于是
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
1
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
2
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
(
i
+
1
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
2
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
+
a
=
(
ω
n
)
a
∑
i
=
0
n
−
2
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^{i-1}A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{a(i+1)}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai+a}\\ &=(\omega_n)^a\sum_{i=0}^{n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1j=0∑i−1A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai=i=1∑n−1j=0∑i−1A1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)a(i+1)=i=0∑n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai+a=(ωn)ai=0∑n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai
因为
A
1
(
x
)
,
B
1
(
x
)
A_1(x),B_1(x)
A1(x),B1(x)只有
0
∼
(
n
2
−
1
)
0\sim(\frac{n}{2}-1)
0∼(2n−1)次项系数可能不为
0
0
0，所以对于
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}
∑j=0iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j，当
i
=
n
−
1
i=n-1
i=n−1时，有：
- 若 j ≤ n 2 − 1 j\le\frac{n}{2}-1 j≤2n−1，则 i − j ≥ n − 1 − ( n 2 − 1 ) = n 2 i-j\ge n-1-(\frac{n}{2}-1)=\frac{n}{2} i−j≥n−1−(2n−1)=2n，此时 B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 B_1(x)_{i-j}=0 B1(x)i−j=0， A 1 ( x ) j B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}=0 A1(x)jB1(x)i−j=0；
- 若 j ≥ n 2 j\ge\frac{n}{2} j≥2n，则 A 1 ( x ) j = 0 A_1(x)_j=0 A1(x)j=0， A 1 ( x ) j B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}=0 A1(x)jB1(x)i−j=0。
综上，当
i
=
n
−
1
i=n-1
i=n−1时，
(
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
)
=
0
(\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j})=0
(∑j=0iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j)=0。于是有
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
(
ω
n
)
a
∑
i
=
0
n
−
2
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
(
ω
n
)
a
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}&=(\omega_n)^a\sum_{i=0}^{n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=(\omega_n)^a\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai=(ωn)ai=0∑n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai=(ωn)ai=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai
于是有
X
β
(
a
)
−
X
α
(
a
)
=
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
−
1
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
+
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
=
[
(
ω
n
)
a
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
+
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
=
[
(
ω
n
)
a
+
1
]
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} X_\beta(a)-X_\alpha(a)&=[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j-1}(\omega_n)^{ai}]+[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}]\\ &=[(\omega_n)^a\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}]+[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}]\\ &=[(\omega_n)^a+1]\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
Xβ(a)−Xα(a)=[i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j−1(ωn)ai]+[i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai]=[(ωn)ai=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai]+[i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai]=[(ωn)a+1]i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai
考虑
α
A
(
x
)
=
A
0
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
−
1
\alpha_A(x)=A_0(x)+A_1(x)\sqrt{-1}
αA(x)=A0(x)+A1(x)−1的DFT
X
α
A
(
a
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
+
A
1
(
x
)
−
1
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} X_{\alpha_A}(a)&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)+A_1(x)\sqrt{-1})_i(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
XαA(a)=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)+A1(x)−1)i(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai
注意到
X
α
A
(
n
−
a
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
(
n
−
a
)
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
n
i
(
ω
n
)
−
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
−
a
i
\begin{aligned} X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{(n-a)i}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ni}(\omega_n)^{-ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{-ai} \end{aligned}
XαA(n−a)=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)(n−a)i=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ni(ωn)−ai=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)−ai
于是有
X
α
A
(
a
)
−
X
α
A
(
n
−
a
)
‾
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
−
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
−
a
i
‾
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
−
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
−
a
i
‾
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
−
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
‾
×
(
ω
n
)
−
a
i
‾
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
−
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
−
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
[
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
+
A
1
(
x
)
i
)
−
(
A
0
(
x
)
i
−
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
]
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
(
2
A
1
(
x
)
i
−
1
)
(
ω
n
)
a
i
=
2
−
1
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}&=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}-\overline{\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{-ai}}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}-\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\overline{(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{-ai}}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}-\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\overline{(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})}\times\overline{(\omega_n)^{-ai}}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}-\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(A_0(x)_i-A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}[(A_0(x)_i+A_1(x)_i)-(A_0(x)_i-A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})](\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}(2A_1(x)_i\sqrt{-1})(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=2\sqrt{-1}\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}A_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai−i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)−ai=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai−i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)−ai=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai−i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)×(ωn)−ai=i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i+A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai−i=0∑n−1(A0(x)i−A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1[(A0(x)i+A1(x)i)−(A0(x)i−A1(x)i−1)](ωn)ai=i=0∑n−1(2A1(x)i−1)(ωn)ai=2−1i=0∑n−1A1(x)i(ωn)ai
其中，
a
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
(
n
−
1
)
a=0,1,2,\cdots,(n-1)
a=0,1,2,⋯,(n−1)。同理，对于
X
α
B
X_{\alpha_B}
XαB，也存在
X
α
B
(
a
)
−
X
α
B
(
n
−
a
)
‾
=
2
−
1
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
B
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}=2\sqrt{-1}\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}B_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai}
XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)=2−1∑i=0n−1B1(x)i(ωn)ai。
发现
[
X
α
A
(
a
)
−
X
α
A
(
n
−
a
)
‾
]
[
X
α
B
(
a
)
−
X
α
B
(
n
−
a
)
‾
]
=
[
2
−
1
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
[
2
−
1
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
B
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
=
−
4
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
A
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
[
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
B
1
(
x
)
i
(
ω
n
)
a
i
]
=
−
4
∑
i
=
0
2
n
−
2
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
(
ω
n
)
a
i
\begin{aligned} [X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}][X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}]&=[2\sqrt{-1}\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}A_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai}][2\sqrt{-1}\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}B_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai}]\\ &=-4[\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}A_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai}][\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}B_1(x)_i(\omega_n)^{ai}]\\ &=-4\sum_{i=0}^{2n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ \end{aligned}
[XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)][XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)]=[2−1i=0∑n−1A1(x)i(ωn)ai][2−1i=0∑n−1B1(x)i(ωn)ai]=−4[i=0∑n−1A1(x)i(ωn)ai][i=0∑n−1B1(x)i(ωn)ai]=−4i=0∑2n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai
由于
A
1
(
x
)
,
B
1
(
x
)
A_1(x),B_1(x)
A1(x),B1(x)只有
0
∼
(
n
2
−
1
)
0\sim(\frac{n}{2}-1)
0∼(2n−1)次项系数可能不为
0
0
0，因此对于式中的
∑
j
=
0
i
A
1
(
x
)
j
B
1
(
x
)
i
−
j
\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}
∑j=0iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j，当
n
−
1
<
i
≤
2
n
−
2
n-1<i\le2n-2
n−1<i≤2n−2时：
- 当 j ≤ i − 1 2 j\le\frac{i-1}{2} j≤2i−1时，有 i − j ≥ i − i − 1 2 = i + 1 2 > n − 1 + 1 2 = n 2 i-j\ge i-\frac{i-1}{2}=\frac{i+1}{2}>\frac{n-1+1}{2}=\frac{n}{2} i−j≥i−2i−1=2i+1>2n−1+1=2n，此时 B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 B_1(x)_{i-j}=0 B1(x)i−j=0， A 1 ( x ) j B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}=0 A1(x)jB1(x)i−j=0；
- 当 j > i − 1 2 j>\frac{i-1}{2} j>2i−1时， j > n − 1 − 1 2 = n 2 − 1 j>\frac{n-1-1}{2}=\frac{n}{2}-1 j>2n−1−1=2n−1，此时 A 1 ( x ) j = 0 A_1(x)_j=0 A1(x)j=0， A 1 ( x ) j B 1 ( x ) i − j = 0 A_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}=0 A1(x)jB1(x)i−j=0。
综上，当
n
−
1
<
i
≤
2
n
−
2
n-1<i\le2n-2
n−1<i≤2n−2时，
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\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}=0
∑j=0iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j=0。于是有
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\begin{aligned} [X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}][X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}]&=-4\sum_{i=0}^{2n-2}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=-4\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai} \end{aligned}
[XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)][XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)]=−4i=0∑2n−2j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai=−4i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai
于是
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\begin{aligned} X_\beta(a)-X_\alpha(a)&=[(\omega_n)^a+1]\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\sum_{j=0}^iA_1(x)_jB_1(x)_{i-j}(\omega_n)^{ai}\\ &=\frac{[X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}][X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}]}{-4}[(\omega_n)^a+1]\\ &=-\frac{[(\omega_n)^a+1][X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}][X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}]}{4} \end{aligned}
Xβ(a)−Xα(a)=[(ωn)a+1]i=0∑n−1j=0∑iA1(x)jB1(x)i−j(ωn)ai=−4[XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)][XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)][(ωn)a+1]=−4[(ωn)a+1][XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)][XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)]
于是有
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X_\beta(a)=X_\alpha(a)-\frac{[(\omega_n)^a+1][X_{\alpha_A}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_A}(n-a)}][X_{\alpha_B}(a)-\overline{X_{\alpha_B}(n-a)}]}{4}
Xβ(a)=Xα(a)−4[(ωn)a+1][XαA(a)−XαA(n−a)][XαB(a)−XαB(n−a)]
考虑到
α
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B
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\alpha(x)=\alpha_A(x)\alpha_B(x)
α(x)=αA(x)αB(x)，于是有
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X_\alpha(a)=X_{\alpha_A}(a)X_{\alpha_B}(a)
Xα(a)=XαA(a)XαB(a)。于是我们可以先用
2
2
2次DFT计算出
X
α
A
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a
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X_{\alpha_A}(a)
XαA(a)和
X
α
B
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a
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X_{\alpha_B}(a)
XαB(a)，再用线性的时间求出
X
β
X_\beta
Xβ，最后用
1
1
1次IDFT计算出
β
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x
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\beta(x)
β(x)，最后再利用
β
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x
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\beta(x)
β(x)的实部和虚部还原出
h
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x
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h(x)
h(x)。这样做虽然进行了
3
3
3次DFT，但每次DFT时多项式的项数是一开始提到的方法的一半，所以时间复杂度近似为一开始提到的方法的一半，即所谓的“
1.5
1.5
1.5次FFT”。
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