机器学习基础篇之实例3.鸢尾花(iris)数据集分析和分类
问题描述：利用机器学习算法构建模型，根据鸢尾花的花萼和花瓣大小，区分鸢尾花的品种。实现一个基础的三分类问题
实现步骤：1）数据库导入；2）导入鸢尾花数据集；3）划分训练集与测试集；4）探索数据之可视化；5）构建KNN模型；6）不同机器学习模型对比
[点击鸢尾花文档链接](【腾讯文档】iris
https://docs.qq.com/sheet/DQVVNT3JnQ3NzS3N2)
第一步：导入数据处理、可视化、数据集划分、模型训练等相关数据库
注：以下内容，建议阅读全文后再读
（1）Logistic Regression：逻辑回归模型，用于二分类或多分类问题。它通过逻辑函数（Sigmoid 函数）将线性回归的输出映射到 [0, 1] 区间，从而实现分类。
（2）train_test_split：用于将数据集随机划分为训练集和测试集。通过指定 test_size 参数，可以控制测试集的大小占总数据集的比例。
（3）LabelEncoder：用于将分类标签（字符串或类别）转换为数值标签。这对于某些机器学习算法（如逻辑回归和 SVM）是必要的，因为它们通常要求输入数据为数值类型。
（4）KNeighborsClassifier：K-近邻分类器，基于最近邻算法进行分类。它通过计算测试样本与训练样本之间的距离，找到最近的 K 个邻居，并根据这些邻居的标签进行投票来预测测试样本的标签。
（5）svm：支持向量机（SVM）模块，提供了多种 SVM 分类器和回归器。SVM 是一种强大的分类和回归算法，通过寻找最优超平面来分隔不同类别的数据。
（6）metrics：提供了多种评估模型性能的指标，如准确率、召回率、F1 分数、混淆矩阵等。这些指标用于评估模型在测试集上的表现。
（7）DecisionTreeClassifier：决策树分类器，通过构建决策树来实现分类。决策树是一种基于树结构的分类算法，通过一系列的决策规则将数据划分为不同的类别。
#1.导入数据处理与分析相关包
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
##从pandas中导入简单的绘图模块
from pandas import plotting
#2.导入数据可视化相关包
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
plt.style.use
import seaborn as sns
##Seaborn 是一个基于 Matplotlib 的高级绘图库，提供了更丰富的绘图功能和美观的默认样式，设置了seaborn的绘图样式，带有白色背景和网格线的样式
from sklearn import preprocessing
#from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
#from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn import metrics
# from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
# from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
# from sklearn import svm
# from sklearn.tree import DecissionTreeClassifier
第二步：在线导入鸢尾花数据集
1) 导入；2）赋值；3）查看数据集及其类型
#1.从sklearn库中自带的数据集 datasets导入鸢尾花数据集
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
#2.将鸢尾花数据集（load_iris)赋值给变量名为 iris_dataset的变量
iris_dataset=load_iris()
#3.查看数据集
print(iris_dataset)
{'data': array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2],
[4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
[4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.6, 1.4, 0.2],
[5.4, 3.9, 1.7, 0.4],
[4.6, 3.4, 1.4, 0.3],
[5. , 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
[4.4, 2.9, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],
[5.4, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
[4.8, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.1],
[4.3, 3. , 1.1, 0.1],
[5.8, 4. , 1.2, 0.2],
[5.7, 4.4, 1.5, 0.4],
[5.4, 3.9, 1.3, 0.4],
[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.3],
[5.7, 3.8, 1.7, 0.3],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.5, 0.3],
[5.4, 3.4, 1.7, 0.2],
[5.1, 3.7, 1.5, 0.4],
[4.6, 3.6, 1. , 0.2],
[5.1, 3.3, 1.7, 0.5],
[4.8, 3.4, 1.9, 0.2],
[5. , 3. , 1.6, 0.2],
[5. , 3.4, 1.6, 0.4],
[5.2, 3.5, 1.5, 0.2],
[5.2, 3.4, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.7, 3.2, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.8, 3.1, 1.6, 0.2],
[5.4, 3.4, 1.5, 0.4],
[5.2, 4.1, 1.5, 0.1],
[5.5, 4.2, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.2, 1.2, 0.2],
[5.5, 3.5, 1.3, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.6, 1.4, 0.1],
[4.4, 3. , 1.3, 0.2],
[5.1, 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.5, 1.3, 0.3],
[4.5, 2.3, 1.3, 0.3],
[4.4, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
[5. , 3.5, 1.6, 0.6],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.9, 0.4],
[4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.3],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.6, 3.2, 1.4, 0.2],
[5.3, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.3, 1.4, 0.2],
[7. , 3.2, 4.7, 1.4],
[6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5],
[6.9, 3.1, 4.9, 1.5],
[5.5, 2.3, 4. , 1.3],
[6.5, 2.8, 4.6, 1.5],
[5.7, 2.8, 4.5, 1.3],
[6.3, 3.3, 4.7, 1.6],
[4.9, 2.4, 3.3, 1. ],
[6.6, 2.9, 4.6, 1.3],
[5.2, 2.7, 3.9, 1.4],
[5. , 2. , 3.5, 1. ],
[5.9, 3. , 4.2, 1.5],
[6. , 2.2, 4. , 1. ],
[6.1, 2.9, 4.7, 1.4],
[5.6, 2.9, 3.6, 1.3],
[6.7, 3.1, 4.4, 1.4],
[5.6, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
[5.8, 2.7, 4.1, 1. ],
[6.2, 2.2, 4.5, 1.5],
[5.6, 2.5, 3.9, 1.1],
[5.9, 3.2, 4.8, 1.8],
[6.1, 2.8, 4. , 1.3],
[6.3, 2.5, 4.9, 1.5],
[6.1, 2.8, 4.7, 1.2],
[6.4, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
[6.6, 3. , 4.4, 1.4],
[6.8, 2.8, 4.8, 1.4],
[6.7, 3. , 5. , 1.7],
[6. , 2.9, 4.5, 1.5],
[5.7, 2.6, 3.5, 1. ],
[5.5, 2.4, 3.8, 1.1],
[5.5, 2.4, 3.7, 1. ],
[5.8, 2.7, 3.9, 1.2],
[6. , 2.7, 5.1, 1.6],
[5.4, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
[6. , 3.4, 4.5, 1.6],
[6.7, 3.1, 4.7, 1.5],
[6.3, 2.3, 4.4, 1.3],
[5.6, 3. , 4.1, 1.3],
[5.5, 2.5, 4. , 1.3],
[5.5, 2.6, 4.4, 1.2],
[6.1, 3. , 4.6, 1.4],
[5.8, 2.6, 4. , 1.2],
[5. , 2.3, 3.3, 1. ],
[5.6, 2.7, 4.2, 1.3],
[5.7, 3. , 4.2, 1.2],
[5.7, 2.9, 4.2, 1.3],
[6.2, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
[5.1, 2.5, 3. , 1.1],
[5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3],
[6.3, 3.3, 6. , 2.5],
[5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
[7.1, 3. , 5.9, 2.1],
[6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8],
[6.5, 3. , 5.8, 2.2],
[7.6, 3. , 6.6, 2.1],
[4.9, 2.5, 4.5, 1.7],
[7.3, 2.9, 6.3, 1.8],
[6.7, 2.5, 5.8, 1.8],
[7.2, 3.6, 6.1, 2.5],
[6.5, 3.2, 5.1, 2. ],
[6.4, 2.7, 5.3, 1.9],
[6.8, 3. , 5.5, 2.1],
[5.7, 2.5, 5. , 2. ],
[5.8, 2.8, 5.1, 2.4],
[6.4, 3.2, 5.3, 2.3],
[6.5, 3. , 5.5, 1.8],
[7.7, 3.8, 6.7, 2.2],
[7.7, 2.6, 6.9, 2.3],
[6. , 2.2, 5. , 1.5],
[6.9, 3.2, 5.7, 2.3],
[5.6, 2.8, 4.9, 2. ],
[7.7, 2.8, 6.7, 2. ],
[6.3, 2.7, 4.9, 1.8],
[6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.1],
[7.2, 3.2, 6. , 1.8],
[6.2, 2.8, 4.8, 1.8],
[6.1, 3. , 4.9, 1.8],
[6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.1],
[7.2, 3. , 5.8, 1.6],
[7.4, 2.8, 6.1, 1.9],
[7.9, 3.8, 6.4, 2. ],
[6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.2],
[6.3, 2.8, 5.1, 1.5],
[6.1, 2.6, 5.6, 1.4],
[7.7, 3. , 6.1, 2.3],
[6.3, 3.4, 5.6, 2.4],
[6.4, 3.1, 5.5, 1.8],
[6. , 3. , 4.8, 1.8],
[6.9, 3.1, 5.4, 2.1],
[6.7, 3.1, 5.6, 2.4],
[6.9, 3.1, 5.1, 2.3],
[5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
[6.8, 3.2, 5.9, 2.3],
[6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.5],
[6.7, 3. , 5.2, 2.3],
[6.3, 2.5, 5. , 1.9],
[6.5, 3. , 5.2, 2. ],
[6.2, 3.4, 5.4, 2.3],
[5.9, 3. , 5.1, 1.8]]), 'target': array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]), 'frame': None, 'target_names': array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10'), 'DESCR': '.. _iris_dataset:\n\nIris plants dataset\n--------------------\n\n**Data Set Characteristics:**\n\n:Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)\n:Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class\n:Attribute Information:\n - sepal length in cm\n - sepal width in cm\n - petal length in cm\n - petal width in cm\n - class:\n - Iris-Setosa\n - Iris-Versicolour\n - Iris-Virginica\n\n:Summary Statistics:\n\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n Min Max Mean SD Class Correlation\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\nsepal length: 4.3 7.9 5.84 0.83 0.7826\nsepal width: 2.0 4.4 3.05 0.43 -0.4194\npetal length: 1.0 6.9 3.76 1.76 0.9490 (high!)\npetal width: 0.1 2.5 1.20 0.76 0.9565 (high!)\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n\n:Missing Attribute Values: None\n:Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.\n:Creator: R.A. Fisher\n:Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)\n:Date: July, 1988\n\nThe famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken\nfrom Fisher\'s paper. Note that it\'s the same as in R, but not as in the UCI\nMachine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.\n\nThis is perhaps the best known database to be found in the\npattern recognition literature. Fisher\'s paper is a classic in the field and\nis referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The\ndata set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a\ntype of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the\nlatter are NOT linearly separable from each other.\n\n|details-start|\n**References**\n|details-split|\n\n- Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"\n Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to\n Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).\n- Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.\n (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22361-1. See page 218.\n- Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System\n Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed\n Environments". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine\n Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.\n- Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule". IEEE Transactions\n on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.\n- See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64. Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II\n conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.\n- Many, many more ...\n\n|details-end|\n', 'feature_names': ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)'], 'filename': 'iris.csv', 'data_module': 'sklearn.datasets.data'}
load_iris 返回的 iris 对象是一个 Bunch 对象，与字典非常相似，里面包含键和值
#Bunch类似字典
#3.1 查看数据类型
type(iris_dataset)
sklearn.utils._bunch.Bunch
#3.2 查看字典中的键
print(iris_dataset.keys())
dict_keys(['data', 'target', 'frame', 'target_names', 'DESCR', 'feature_names', 'filename', 'data_module'])
#3.3 查看字典中的值
print(iris_dataset.values())
dict_values([array([[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3. , 1.4, 0.2],
[4.7, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
[4.6, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.6, 1.4, 0.2],
[5.4, 3.9, 1.7, 0.4],
[4.6, 3.4, 1.4, 0.3],
[5. , 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
[4.4, 2.9, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.1],
[5.4, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
[4.8, 3.4, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.1],
[4.3, 3. , 1.1, 0.1],
[5.8, 4. , 1.2, 0.2],
[5.7, 4.4, 1.5, 0.4],
[5.4, 3.9, 1.3, 0.4],
[5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.3],
[5.7, 3.8, 1.7, 0.3],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.5, 0.3],
[5.4, 3.4, 1.7, 0.2],
[5.1, 3.7, 1.5, 0.4],
[4.6, 3.6, 1. , 0.2],
[5.1, 3.3, 1.7, 0.5],
[4.8, 3.4, 1.9, 0.2],
[5. , 3. , 1.6, 0.2],
[5. , 3.4, 1.6, 0.4],
[5.2, 3.5, 1.5, 0.2],
[5.2, 3.4, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.7, 3.2, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.8, 3.1, 1.6, 0.2],
[5.4, 3.4, 1.5, 0.4],
[5.2, 4.1, 1.5, 0.1],
[5.5, 4.2, 1.4, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.1, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.2, 1.2, 0.2],
[5.5, 3.5, 1.3, 0.2],
[4.9, 3.6, 1.4, 0.1],
[4.4, 3. , 1.3, 0.2],
[5.1, 3.4, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.5, 1.3, 0.3],
[4.5, 2.3, 1.3, 0.3],
[4.4, 3.2, 1.3, 0.2],
[5. , 3.5, 1.6, 0.6],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.9, 0.4],
[4.8, 3. , 1.4, 0.3],
[5.1, 3.8, 1.6, 0.2],
[4.6, 3.2, 1.4, 0.2],
[5.3, 3.7, 1.5, 0.2],
[5. , 3.3, 1.4, 0.2],
[7. , 3.2, 4.7, 1.4],
[6.4, 3.2, 4.5, 1.5],
[6.9, 3.1, 4.9, 1.5],
[5.5, 2.3, 4. , 1.3],
[6.5, 2.8, 4.6, 1.5],
[5.7, 2.8, 4.5, 1.3],
[6.3, 3.3, 4.7, 1.6],
[4.9, 2.4, 3.3, 1. ],
[6.6, 2.9, 4.6, 1.3],
[5.2, 2.7, 3.9, 1.4],
[5. , 2. , 3.5, 1. ],
[5.9, 3. , 4.2, 1.5],
[6. , 2.2, 4. , 1. ],
[6.1, 2.9, 4.7, 1.4],
[5.6, 2.9, 3.6, 1.3],
[6.7, 3.1, 4.4, 1.4],
[5.6, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
[5.8, 2.7, 4.1, 1. ],
[6.2, 2.2, 4.5, 1.5],
[5.6, 2.5, 3.9, 1.1],
[5.9, 3.2, 4.8, 1.8],
[6.1, 2.8, 4. , 1.3],
[6.3, 2.5, 4.9, 1.5],
[6.1, 2.8, 4.7, 1.2],
[6.4, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
[6.6, 3. , 4.4, 1.4],
[6.8, 2.8, 4.8, 1.4],
[6.7, 3. , 5. , 1.7],
[6. , 2.9, 4.5, 1.5],
[5.7, 2.6, 3.5, 1. ],
[5.5, 2.4, 3.8, 1.1],
[5.5, 2.4, 3.7, 1. ],
[5.8, 2.7, 3.9, 1.2],
[6. , 2.7, 5.1, 1.6],
[5.4, 3. , 4.5, 1.5],
[6. , 3.4, 4.5, 1.6],
[6.7, 3.1, 4.7, 1.5],
[6.3, 2.3, 4.4, 1.3],
[5.6, 3. , 4.1, 1.3],
[5.5, 2.5, 4. , 1.3],
[5.5, 2.6, 4.4, 1.2],
[6.1, 3. , 4.6, 1.4],
[5.8, 2.6, 4. , 1.2],
[5. , 2.3, 3.3, 1. ],
[5.6, 2.7, 4.2, 1.3],
[5.7, 3. , 4.2, 1.2],
[5.7, 2.9, 4.2, 1.3],
[6.2, 2.9, 4.3, 1.3],
[5.1, 2.5, 3. , 1.1],
[5.7, 2.8, 4.1, 1.3],
[6.3, 3.3, 6. , 2.5],
[5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
[7.1, 3. , 5.9, 2.1],
[6.3, 2.9, 5.6, 1.8],
[6.5, 3. , 5.8, 2.2],
[7.6, 3. , 6.6, 2.1],
[4.9, 2.5, 4.5, 1.7],
[7.3, 2.9, 6.3, 1.8],
[6.7, 2.5, 5.8, 1.8],
[7.2, 3.6, 6.1, 2.5],
[6.5, 3.2, 5.1, 2. ],
[6.4, 2.7, 5.3, 1.9],
[6.8, 3. , 5.5, 2.1],
[5.7, 2.5, 5. , 2. ],
[5.8, 2.8, 5.1, 2.4],
[6.4, 3.2, 5.3, 2.3],
[6.5, 3. , 5.5, 1.8],
[7.7, 3.8, 6.7, 2.2],
[7.7, 2.6, 6.9, 2.3],
[6. , 2.2, 5. , 1.5],
[6.9, 3.2, 5.7, 2.3],
[5.6, 2.8, 4.9, 2. ],
[7.7, 2.8, 6.7, 2. ],
[6.3, 2.7, 4.9, 1.8],
[6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.1],
[7.2, 3.2, 6. , 1.8],
[6.2, 2.8, 4.8, 1.8],
[6.1, 3. , 4.9, 1.8],
[6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.1],
[7.2, 3. , 5.8, 1.6],
[7.4, 2.8, 6.1, 1.9],
[7.9, 3.8, 6.4, 2. ],
[6.4, 2.8, 5.6, 2.2],
[6.3, 2.8, 5.1, 1.5],
[6.1, 2.6, 5.6, 1.4],
[7.7, 3. , 6.1, 2.3],
[6.3, 3.4, 5.6, 2.4],
[6.4, 3.1, 5.5, 1.8],
[6. , 3. , 4.8, 1.8],
[6.9, 3.1, 5.4, 2.1],
[6.7, 3.1, 5.6, 2.4],
[6.9, 3.1, 5.1, 2.3],
[5.8, 2.7, 5.1, 1.9],
[6.8, 3.2, 5.9, 2.3],
[6.7, 3.3, 5.7, 2.5],
[6.7, 3. , 5.2, 2.3],
[6.3, 2.5, 5. , 1.9],
[6.5, 3. , 5.2, 2. ],
[6.2, 3.4, 5.4, 2.3],
[5.9, 3. , 5.1, 1.8]]), array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]), None, array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10'), '.. _iris_dataset:\n\nIris plants dataset\n--------------------\n\n**Data Set Characteristics:**\n\n:Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)\n:Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class\n:Attribute Information:\n - sepal length in cm\n - sepal width in cm\n - petal length in cm\n - petal width in cm\n - class:\n - Iris-Setosa\n - Iris-Versicolour\n - Iris-Virginica\n\n:Summary Statistics:\n\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n Min Max Mean SD Class Correlation\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\nsepal length: 4.3 7.9 5.84 0.83 0.7826\nsepal width: 2.0 4.4 3.05 0.43 -0.4194\npetal length: 1.0 6.9 3.76 1.76 0.9490 (high!)\npetal width: 0.1 2.5 1.20 0.76 0.9565 (high!)\n============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================\n\n:Missing Attribute Values: None\n:Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.\n:Creator: R.A. Fisher\n:Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%PLU@io.arc.nasa.gov)\n:Date: July, 1988\n\nThe famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken\nfrom Fisher\'s paper. Note that it\'s the same as in R, but not as in the UCI\nMachine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.\n\nThis is perhaps the best known database to be found in the\npattern recognition literature. Fisher\'s paper is a classic in the field and\nis referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The\ndata set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a\ntype of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the\nlatter are NOT linearly separable from each other.\n\n|details-start|\n**References**\n|details-split|\n\n- Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"\n Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to\n Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).\n- Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.\n (Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22361-1. See page 218.\n- Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System\n Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed\n Environments". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine\n Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.\n- Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule". IEEE Transactions\n on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.\n- See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64. Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II\n conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.\n- Many, many more ...\n\n|details-end|\n', ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)'], 'iris.csv', 'sklearn.datasets.data'])
# 3.3 目的：从iris_dataset数据中提取目标（分类：标签；回归：输出特征）的名称，并打印出来
#3.3.1 方法1
print(f'iris_dataset中的tagrt_names包括:{iris_dataset['target_names']}')
iris_dataset中的tagrt_names包括:['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']
#3.3.2 方法2
print("Target names: {}".format(iris_dataset["target_names"]))
Target names: ['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']
#3.3.3 方法3
iris_dataset['target_names']
array(['setosa', 'versicolor', 'virginica'], dtype='<U10')
# 3.4 目的：从iris_dataset数据中提取输入特征变量的名称，并打印出来
print(f'iris_dataset中的feature_names包括:{iris_dataset['feature_names']}')
#结果显示，有4列输入特征变量
iris_dataset中的feature_names包括:['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)']
代码注释：
1）iris_dataset[‘data’]：访问 Bunch 对象中的 data 键，它是一个二维数组，每行代表一个样本，每列代表一个特征。
2）.shape：获取数组的形状，返回一个元组，表示数组的维度大小。
3）f"…"：使用 f-string（格式化字符串字面量）来插入变量的值
#3.5查看鸢尾花的数据类型大小（行与列）
print(f"iris_dataset中的data的大小: {iris_dataset['data'].shape}")
iris_dataset中的data的大小: (150, 4)
print(iris_dataset['data'])
[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.1]
[4.3 3. 1.1 0.1]
[5.8 4. 1.2 0.2]
[5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
[5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
[5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
[5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
[4.6 3.6 1. 0.2]
[5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
[4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
[5. 3. 1.6 0.2]
[5. 3.4 1.6 0.4]
[5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
[5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
[5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.2 1.2 0.2]
[5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
[4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1]
[4.4 3. 1.3 0.2]
[5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.3 0.3]
[4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
[4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.6 0.6]
[5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
[4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]
[5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.3 1.4 0.2]
[7. 3.2 4.7 1.4]
[6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
[6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
[5.5 2.3 4. 1.3]
[6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5]
[5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
[4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
[6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
[5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
[5. 2. 3.5 1. ]
[5.9 3. 4.2 1.5]
[6. 2.2 4. 1. ]
[6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
[5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3]
[6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
[5.6 3. 4.5 1.5]
[5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
[6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
[5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
[5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 2.8 4. 1.3]
[6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
[6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2]
[6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[6.6 3. 4.4 1.4]
[6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
[6.7 3. 5. 1.7]
[6. 2.9 4.5 1.5]
[5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
[5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
[5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
[5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
[6. 2.7 5.1 1.6]
[5.4 3. 4.5 1.5]
[6. 3.4 4.5 1.6]
[6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5]
[6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
[5.6 3. 4.1 1.3]
[5.5 2.5 4. 1.3]
[5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
[6.1 3. 4.6 1.4]
[5.8 2.6 4. 1.2]
[5. 2.3 3.3 1. ]
[5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
[5.7 3. 4.2 1.2]
[5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
[6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[5.1 2.5 3. 1.1]
[5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 6. 2.5]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[7.1 3. 5.9 2.1]
[6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
[6.5 3. 5.8 2.2]
[7.6 3. 6.6 2.1]
[4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
[7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]
[6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
[7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
[6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
[6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
[6.8 3. 5.5 2.1]
[5.7 2.5 5. 2. ]
[5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
[6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
[6.5 3. 5.5 1.8]
[7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
[7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
[6. 2.2 5. 1.5]
[6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
[5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
[7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
[6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
[7.2 3.2 6. 1.8]
[6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 3. 4.9 1.8]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
[7.2 3. 5.8 1.6]
[7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
[7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
[6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
[6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
[7.7 3. 6.1 2.3]
[6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
[6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]
[6. 3. 4.8 1.8]
[6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
[6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
[6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
[6.7 3. 5.2 2.3]
[6.3 2.5 5. 1.9]
[6.5 3. 5.2 2. ]
[6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
[5.9 3. 5.1 1.8]]
print(iris_dataset['feature_names'])
['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)']
print(iris_dataset['target_names'])
#花的品种
['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica']
print(iris_dataset['target'])
#下面数字的代表含义由iris_dataset['target']数组给出：0 代表setosa，1 代表versicolor，2 代表virginica。
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2]
第二步：本地导入鸢尾花数据集
2.1 导入本地数据集（该方式在机器学习中常用）
#导入数据集
#字符串前的 r表示这是一个原始字符串,这意味着反斜杠会被当作普通字符对待，而不是转义字符进行处理，从而引起报错
iris_local=pd.read_csv(r'E:\Desktop\iris.csv')
2.2 查看数据集信息
type(iris_local)
pandas.core.frame.DataFrame
print(iris_local.keys())
Index(['Sepal.Length', 'Sepal.Width', 'Petal.Length', 'Petal.Width',
'Species'],
dtype='object')
iris_local.head(5)
| Sepal.Length | Sepal.Width | Petal.Length | Petal.Width | Species | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.2 | setosa |
| 1 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | setosa |
| 2 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | setosa |
| 3 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | setosa |
| 4 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 0.2 | setosa |
iris_local.describe()
| Sepal.Length | Sepal.Width | Petal.Length | Petal.Width | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | 150.000000 | 150.000000 | 150.000000 | 150.000000 |
| mean | 5.843333 | 3.057333 | 3.758000 | 1.199333 |
| std | 0.828066 | 0.435866 | 1.765298 | 0.762238 |
| min | 4.300000 | 2.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.100000 |
| 25% | 5.100000 | 2.800000 | 1.600000 | 0.300000 |
| 50% | 5.800000 | 3.000000 | 4.350000 | 1.300000 |
| 75% | 6.400000 | 3.300000 | 5.100000 | 1.800000 |
| max | 7.900000 | 4.400000 | 6.900000 | 2.500000 |
iris_local.shape
(150, 5)
iris_local.columns
Index(['Sepal.Length', 'Sepal.Width', 'Petal.Length', 'Petal.Width',
'Species'],
dtype='object')
print(f"iris_local的列名包括：{iris_local.columns}")
iris_local的列名包括：Index(['Sepal.Length', 'Sepal.Width', 'Petal.Length', 'Petal.Width',
'Species'],
dtype='object')
2.3 数据清洗
缺少数据清洗（处理）部分,例如数据中缺失值、异常值处理、数据归一化/标准化处理内容
2.4 确定特征和标签数据
从本地导入的iris_local 数据集中提取特征（输入）和标签（输出），并将它们分别存储在变量 X 和 Y 中
方法 1
X=iris_local[['Sepal.Length','Sepal.Width','Petal.Length','Petal.Width']]
Y=iris_local['Species']
print(X)
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width
0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2
2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2
3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2
4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2
.. ... ... ... ...
145 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3
146 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9
147 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0
148 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3
149 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8
[150 rows x 4 columns]
type(X)
#数据框
pandas.core.frame.DataFrame
print(Y)
0 setosa
1 setosa
2 setosa
3 setosa
4 setosa
...
145 virginica
146 virginica
147 virginica
148 virginica
149 virginica
Name: Species, Length: 150, dtype: object
X.columns
Index(['Sepal.Length', 'Sepal.Width', 'Petal.Length', 'Petal.Width'], dtype='object')
Y.columns
#输出结果：无列名
###标签数据编码
1）LabelEncoder：LabelEncoder是 scikit-learn 中的一个类将标签（字符串）转换为数值标签（整数），这对于某些分类任务是必要的
2）fit_transform(y)：fit_transform 方法首先拟合标签编码器，然后将分类标签转换为数值标签
#对标签集进行编码
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
encoder =LabelEncoder()
Y=encoder.fit_transform(Y)
print(Y)
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2]
X=X.values
type(X)
numpy.ndarray
print(X)
[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.1]
[4.3 3. 1.1 0.1]
[5.8 4. 1.2 0.2]
[5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
[5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
[5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
[5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
[4.6 3.6 1. 0.2]
[5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
[4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
[5. 3. 1.6 0.2]
[5. 3.4 1.6 0.4]
[5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
[5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
[5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.2 1.2 0.2]
[5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
[4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1]
[4.4 3. 1.3 0.2]
[5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.3 0.3]
[4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
[4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.6 0.6]
[5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
[4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]
[5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.3 1.4 0.2]
[7. 3.2 4.7 1.4]
[6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
[6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
[5.5 2.3 4. 1.3]
[6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5]
[5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
[4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
[6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
[5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
[5. 2. 3.5 1. ]
[5.9 3. 4.2 1.5]
[6. 2.2 4. 1. ]
[6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
[5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3]
[6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
[5.6 3. 4.5 1.5]
[5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
[6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
[5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
[5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 2.8 4. 1.3]
[6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
[6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2]
[6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[6.6 3. 4.4 1.4]
[6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
[6.7 3. 5. 1.7]
[6. 2.9 4.5 1.5]
[5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
[5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
[5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
[5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
[6. 2.7 5.1 1.6]
[5.4 3. 4.5 1.5]
[6. 3.4 4.5 1.6]
[6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5]
[6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
[5.6 3. 4.1 1.3]
[5.5 2.5 4. 1.3]
[5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
[6.1 3. 4.6 1.4]
[5.8 2.6 4. 1.2]
[5. 2.3 3.3 1. ]
[5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
[5.7 3. 4.2 1.2]
[5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
[6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[5.1 2.5 3. 1.1]
[5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 6. 2.5]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[7.1 3. 5.9 2.1]
[6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
[6.5 3. 5.8 2.2]
[7.6 3. 6.6 2.1]
[4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
[7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]
[6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
[7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
[6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
[6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
[6.8 3. 5.5 2.1]
[5.7 2.5 5. 2. ]
[5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
[6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
[6.5 3. 5.5 1.8]
[7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
[7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
[6. 2.2 5. 1.5]
[6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
[5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
[7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
[6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
[7.2 3.2 6. 1.8]
[6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 3. 4.9 1.8]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
[7.2 3. 5.8 1.6]
[7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
[7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
[6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
[6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
[7.7 3. 6.1 2.3]
[6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
[6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]
[6. 3. 4.8 1.8]
[6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
[6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
[6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
[6.7 3. 5.2 2.3]
[6.3 2.5 5. 1.9]
[6.5 3. 5.2 2. ]
[6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
[5.9 3. 5.1 1.8]]
方法2（文献中常用）
X=iris_local[['Sepal.Length','Sepal.Width','Petal.Length','Petal.Width']].values
Y=iris_local['Species']
print(X)
[[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.1]
[4.3 3. 1.1 0.1]
[5.8 4. 1.2 0.2]
[5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
[5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
[5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
[5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
[4.6 3.6 1. 0.2]
[5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
[4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
[5. 3. 1.6 0.2]
[5. 3.4 1.6 0.4]
[5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
[5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
[5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.2 1.2 0.2]
[5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
[4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1]
[4.4 3. 1.3 0.2]
[5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.3 0.3]
[4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
[4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.6 0.6]
[5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
[4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]
[5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.3 1.4 0.2]
[7. 3.2 4.7 1.4]
[6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
[6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
[5.5 2.3 4. 1.3]
[6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5]
[5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
[4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
[6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
[5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
[5. 2. 3.5 1. ]
[5.9 3. 4.2 1.5]
[6. 2.2 4. 1. ]
[6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
[5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3]
[6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
[5.6 3. 4.5 1.5]
[5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
[6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
[5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
[5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 2.8 4. 1.3]
[6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
[6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2]
[6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[6.6 3. 4.4 1.4]
[6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
[6.7 3. 5. 1.7]
[6. 2.9 4.5 1.5]
[5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
[5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
[5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
[5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
[6. 2.7 5.1 1.6]
[5.4 3. 4.5 1.5]
[6. 3.4 4.5 1.6]
[6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5]
[6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
[5.6 3. 4.1 1.3]
[5.5 2.5 4. 1.3]
[5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
[6.1 3. 4.6 1.4]
[5.8 2.6 4. 1.2]
[5. 2.3 3.3 1. ]
[5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
[5.7 3. 4.2 1.2]
[5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
[6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[5.1 2.5 3. 1.1]
[5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 6. 2.5]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[7.1 3. 5.9 2.1]
[6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
[6.5 3. 5.8 2.2]
[7.6 3. 6.6 2.1]
[4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
[7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]
[6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
[7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
[6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
[6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
[6.8 3. 5.5 2.1]
[5.7 2.5 5. 2. ]
[5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
[6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
[6.5 3. 5.5 1.8]
[7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
[7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
[6. 2.2 5. 1.5]
[6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
[5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
[7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
[6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
[7.2 3.2 6. 1.8]
[6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 3. 4.9 1.8]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
[7.2 3. 5.8 1.6]
[7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
[7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
[6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
[6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
[7.7 3. 6.1 2.3]
[6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
[6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]
[6. 3. 4.8 1.8]
[6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
[6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
[6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
[6.7 3. 5.2 2.3]
[6.3 2.5 5. 1.9]
[6.5 3. 5.2 2. ]
[6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
[5.9 3. 5.1 1.8]]
type(X)
numpy.ndarray
print(Y)
0 setosa
1 setosa
2 setosa
3 setosa
4 setosa
...
145 virginica
146 virginica
147 virginica
148 virginica
149 virginica
Name: Species, Length: 150, dtype: object
#对标签集进行编码:分类任务需要使用编码器将字符串类型数据，转换成数字，O,1,2分别代表不同种类的鸢尾花
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
encoder =LabelEncoder()
Y=encoder.fit_transform(Y)
print(Y)
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2]
第三步：划分数据集：训练集和测试集
3.1 划分数据集
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train,X_test,Y_train,Y_test=train_test_split(X,
Y,
test_size=0.25,
random_state=0)
#X相当于方法一中的dataset['featurs'],Y相当于dataset['target']
#为了确保多次运行同一函数能够得到相同的输出，我们利用random_state 参数指定了随机数生成器的种子。这样函数输出就是固定不变的.
#查看划分的训练集和测试的维度
print(f"特征训练集数据维度为:{X_train.shape}")
print(f"标签训练集数据维度为:{Y_train.shape}")
print(f"特征测试集数据维度为:{X_test.shape}")
print(f"标签测试集数据维度为:{Y_test.shape}")
特征训练集数据维度为:(112, 4)
标签训练集数据维度为:(112,)
特征测试集数据维度为:(38, 4)
标签测试集数据维度为:(38,)
print(X_train)
[[5.9 3. 4.2 1.5]
[5.8 2.6 4. 1.2]
[6.8 3. 5.5 2.1]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
[5. 3.5 1.6 0.6]
[5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[5. 2. 3.5 1. ]
[6.5 3. 5.5 1.8]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
[6. 2.2 5. 1.5]
[6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]
[5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
[7.7 3. 6.1 2.3]
[6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
[5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
[6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
[6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
[4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
[6.3 2.5 5. 1.9]
[7. 3.2 4.7 1.4]
[6.5 3. 5.2 2. ]
[6. 3.4 4.5 1.6]
[4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
[5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3]
[5.5 2.5 4. 1.3]
[6.1 3. 4.6 1.4]
[7.2 3.2 6. 1.8]
[5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[4.3 3. 1.1 0.1]
[6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
[5.7 3. 4.2 1.2]
[5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
[5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
[6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5.9 3. 5.1 1.8]
[5.1 2.5 3. 1.1]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
[7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
[5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.1]
[7.1 3. 5.9 2.1]
[6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
[6.5 3. 5.8 2.2]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
[5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
[6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
[4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
[6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[5.7 2.5 5. 2. ]
[6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
[4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[7.2 3. 5.8 1.6]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]
[4.4 3. 1.3 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[5.5 2.3 4. 1.3]
[6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
[7.6 3. 6.6 2.1]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
[5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
[6.6 3. 4.4 1.4]
[5. 3.2 1.2 0.2]
[5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
[6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
[7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
[4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
[7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
[6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
[5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
[6. 3. 4.8 1.8]
[5.8 4. 1.2 0.2]
[7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
[5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
[4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
[7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
[5. 3.3 1.4 0.2]
[6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
[5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
[5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
[5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
[6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
[6.7 3. 5.2 2.3]
[6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
[6.7 3. 5. 1.7]
[5. 3. 1.6 0.2]
[5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
[6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
[5.6 3. 4.1 1.3]
[5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
[6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
[5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
[5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
[6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
[5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
[7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
[4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]]
print(Y_test)
[2 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 2 1 0
1]
第四步：探索数据之可视化
在进行机器学习模型训练之前，通过会使用皮尔逊相关性分析、箱线图等方法探索数据
#查看数据集统计信息
iris_local.describe()
| Sepal.Length | Sepal.Width | Petal.Length | Petal.Width | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | 150.000000 | 150.000000 | 150.000000 | 150.000000 |
| mean | 5.843333 | 3.057333 | 3.758000 | 1.199333 |
| std | 0.828066 | 0.435866 | 1.765298 | 0.762238 |
| min | 4.300000 | 2.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.100000 |
| 25% | 5.100000 | 2.800000 | 1.600000 | 0.300000 |
| 50% | 5.800000 | 3.000000 | 4.350000 | 1.300000 |
| 75% | 6.400000 | 3.300000 | 5.100000 | 1.800000 |
| max | 7.900000 | 4.400000 | 6.900000 | 2.500000 |
1. 皮尔逊相关性分析热图
通过热图找出数据集中不同特征之间的相关性，高正值或负值表明特征具有高度相关性：
fig=plt.gcf()
fig.set_size_inches(12, 8)
fig=sns.heatmap(iris_local.corr(), annot=True, cmap=‘GnBu’, linewidths=1, linecolor=‘k’,square=True, mask=False, vmin=-1, vmax=1, cbar_kws={“orientation”: “vertical”}, cbar=True)
2. 箱线图
查看数据集中数据分布情况：箱线图（回归任务通常绘制输入和输出变量的数据分布图）
#2.数据集中数据分布情况：箱线图（回归任务通常绘制输入和输出变量的数据分布图）
#2.1设置格式；2.2 绘制箱线图；2.3显示图形
#sns.set_style("white")
sns.set(style="white",
font_scale=1)
iris_local.plot(kind='box',
subplots=True,
layout=(2,2),
sharex=False,
sharey=False)
plt.show()
#代码注释：kind='box'：指定绘制箱线图。
# subplots=True：为每个特征绘制单独的子图。
# layout=(2, 2)：指定子图的布局，表示将子图排列为 2 行 2 列
# sharex/y=False：每个子图的 x/y 轴不共享，即每个子图的 x /y轴可以有不同的范围
sns.set(style="whitegrid",
font_scale=1)
# iris_local.hist()
# plt.show()
A=iris_local.hist()
print('A')
#两种不同的图片输出代码
A
###缺少图形样式调整、图形导出等部分代码###
第五步：KNN机器学习模型构建
算法介绍：要对一个新的数据点做出预测，算法会在训练集中寻找与这个新数据点距离最近的数据点，然后将找到的数据点的标签赋值给这个新数据点。
k 近邻分类模型构建是通过调用Scikit-lean库中的 neighbors 模块的KNeighborsClassifier 分类器类实现的。KNeighborsClassifier 最重要的参数就是邻居的数目。
5.1 构建模型
# 构建KNN模型
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
#调参
KNN_model=KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)
#模型训练
KNN_model.fit(X_train,Y_train)
KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook.
On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.
KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)
5.2 模型预测
#为了评估训练好的模型在未见过的数据上的性能，确保模型具有良好的泛化能力，
#使用训练好的模型对测试集的数据 X_test 进行了预测，生成预测值 Y_predict
Y_predict=KNN_model.predict(X_test)
5.3 模型泛化能力评估
1）分类任务评估模型泛化能力的方法，包括错误率、精度（准确率）、查准率、查全率和F1。
2）回归任务：均方误差
#精度：分类正确的样本数占总样本数的比例
print(f"KNN机器学习模型的精度为：{np.mean(Y_predict==Y_test)}")
print("KNN机器学习模型的精度为：{:.2f}".format(np.mean(Y_predict==Y_test)))
KNN机器学习模型的精度为：0.9736842105263158
KNN机器学习模型的精度为：0.97
print('The accuracy of the KNN is: {0}'.format(metrics.accuracy_score(Y_predict, Y_test)))
The accuracy of the KNN is: 0.9736842105263158
5.4 进行预测
使用训练好的KNN模型对新产生的数据进行分类
新数据：花萼长5cm 宽2.9cm，花瓣长1cm 宽0.2cm。这朵鸢尾花属于哪个品种？
#输入新数据
X_new = np.array([[5,2.9,1,0.2]])
#创建了一个 NumPy 数组 ：X_new，其中包含了一个新的样本数据，用于进行预测。具体来说，X_new 是一个二维数组，形状为 (1, 4)，表示有一个样本，每个样本有 4 个特征
#预测鸢尾花的类别,并返回类别
predicition=KNN_model.predict(X_new)
print(f"新鸢尾花的类别是：{predicition}")
#print(f"新鸢尾花的花名是：{iris_dataset['target'][predicition]}")
print(f"新鸢尾花的花名是：{iris_dataset['target_names'][predicition]}")
新鸢尾花的类别是：[0]
新鸢尾花的花名是：[0]
新鸢尾花的花名是：['setosa']
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