[WinPcap 用户手册]
Note: this document has been drawn from the tcpdump man page. The original version can be found at www.tcpdump.org.
Wpcap过滤器基于描述性语法。 一个过滤器就是一个包含了过滤器表达式的ASCII字符串。 pcap_compile()负责把此字符串表达式翻译成供内核级别的包过滤使用的编码。
Wpcap根据次表达式决定数据包的去留。 如果没有使用表达式，所有的包都被内核级别的过滤引擎接受。 否则，只有满足表达式的包才被接受。
表达式由一个或多个原语组成。原语通常由包含了一个或多个前置修饰语的id（name或则 number）组成。修饰语分为三种类型：
type(类型)
修饰语说明的id name 或者 number 的引用属于什么类型。 包含了下列几种类型 host,net和port。例如，`host foo', `net 128.3', `port 20'。
如果没有显示指定修饰符，host将作为默认类型。
dir（路径）
修饰语说明了详细的传输路径到id或（和）来自id。 可能的路径包含下列几种类型： src, dst, src or dst 和 src and dst。 例如：`src foo', `dst net 128.3', `src or dst port ftp-data'。 如果没有指定路径修饰符，wpcap假定使用src or dst 。 对`null'连接层（例如，类似于slip的点对点协议），inbound 和 outbound 修饰语能够被用在渴望的路径上。
proto（协议）
此类修饰语先顶了协议匹配的详细类型。支持的协议有：ether, fddi, tr, ip, ip6, arp, rarp, decnet, tcp and udp。例如：`ether src foo', `arp net 128.3', `tcp port 21'。 如果没有协议修饰符，所有的协议类型都作为默认支持。 例如，`src foo' 意思为 `(ip or arp or rarp) src foo' (except the latter is not legal syntax), `net bar' means `(ip or arp or rarp) net bar' and `port 53' means `(tcp or udp) port 53'.
“fddi”是“ether”的别名；解析器把他们均看为用于数据链路层的特别网络接口。FDDI头包含了类似于以太网的源和目的地址，并且通常包含类似于以太网的数据包类型，因此你可以象过滤以太网域那样来过滤FDDI域。FDDI头也包含了其它功能域，但是你不能在过滤器表达式里明确的描述他们。
相似的，“tr”也可看作“ether”的别名；前面描述的FDDI头的相关内容也可以应用在令牌网头。
除了上面的描述之外，还有一些特别的原语关键词：gateway, broadcast, less, greater和算术表达式。所有这些将在下面的文章里描述
我们可以通过使用and, or and not来组合原语以实现更加复杂的过滤器。例如，“host foo and not port ftp and not port ftp-data”。为了减少输入，相同的修饰语可以省略。 例如，“tcp dst port ftp or ftp-data or domain”表达了与“tcp dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data or tcp dst port domain”一样的意思。
Allowable primitives are:
dst host host
True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of the packet is host, which may be either an address or a name.
src host host
True if the IPv4/v6 source field of the packet is host.
host host
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination of the packet is host. Any of the above host expressions can be prepended with the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as in:
ip host host
which is equivalent to:
ether proto /ip and host host
If host is a name with multiple IP addresses, each address will be checked for a match.
ether dst ehost
True if the ethernet destination address is ehost. Ehost may be either a name from /etc/ethers or a number (see ethers(3N) for numeric format).
ether src ehost
True if the ethernet source address is ehost.
ether host ehost
True if either the ethernet source or destination address is ehost.
gateway host
True if the packet used host as a gateway. I.e., the ethernet source or destination address was host but neither the IP source nor the IP destination was host. Host must be a name and must be found both by the machine's host-name-to-IP-address resolution mechanisms (host name file, DNS, NIS, etc.) and by the machine's host-name-to-Ethernet-address resolution mechanism (/etc/ethers, etc.). (An equivalent expression is
ether host ehost and not host host
which can be used with either names or numbers for host / ehost.) This syntax does not work in IPv6-enabled configuration at this moment.
dst net net
True if the IPv4/v6 destination address of the packet has a network number of net. Net may be either a name from /etc/networks or a network number (see networks(4) for details).
src net net
True if the IPv4/v6 source address of the packet has a network number of net.
net net
True if either the IPv4/v6 source or destination address of the packet has a network number of net.
net net mask netmask
True if the IP address matches net with the specific netmask. May be qualified with src or dst. Note that this syntax is not valid for IPv6 net.
net net/len
True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net with a netmask len bits wide. May be qualified with src or dst.
dst port port
True if the packet is ip/tcp, ip/udp, ip6/tcp or ip6/udp and has a destination port value of port. The port can be a number or a name used in /etc/services (see tcp(4P) and udp(4P)). If a name is used, both the port number and protocol are checked. If a number or ambiguous name is used, only the port number is checked (e.g., dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traffic and udp/who traffic, and port domain will print both tcp/domain and udp/domain traffic).
src port port
True if the packet has a source port value of port.
port port
True if either the source or destination port of the packet is port. Any of the above port expressions can be prepended with the keywords, tcp or udp, as in:
tcp src port port
which matches only tcp packets whose source port is port.
less length
True if the packet has a length less than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
len <= length.
greater length
True if the packet has a length greater than or equal to length. This is equivalent to:
len >= length.
ip proto protocol
True if the packet is an IP packet (see ip(4P)) of protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names icmp, icmp6, igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp, udp, or tcp. Note that the identifiers tcp, udp, and icmp are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (/), which is // in the C-shell. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.
ip6 proto protocol
True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of protocol type protocol. Note that this primitive does not chase the protocol header chain.
ip6 protochain protocol
True if the packet is IPv6 packet, and contains protocol header with type protocol in its protocol header chain. For example,
ip6 protochain 6
matches any IPv6 packet with TCP protocol header in the protocol header chain. The packet may contain, for example, authentication header, routing header, or hop-by-hop option header, between IPv6 header and TCP header. The BPF code emitted by this primitive is complex and cannot be optimized by BPF optimizer code in tcpdump, so this can be somewhat slow.
ip protochain protocol
Equivalent to ip6 protochain protocol, but this is for IPv4.
ether broadcast
True if the packet is an ethernet broadcast packet. The ether keyword is optional.
ip broadcast
True if the packet is an IP broadcast packet. It checks for both the all-zeroes and all-ones broadcast conventions, and looks up the local subnet mask.
ether multicast
True if the packet is an ethernet multicast packet. The ether keyword is optional. This is shorthand for `ether[0] & 1 != 0'.
ip multicast
True if the packet is an IP multicast packet.
ip6 multicast
True if the packet is an IPv6 multicast packet.
ether proto protocol
True if the packet is of ether type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, sca, lat, mopdl, moprc, iso, stp, ipx, or netbeui. Note these identifiers are also keywords and must be escaped via backslash (/).
[In the case of FDDI (e.g., `fddi protocol arp') and Token Ring (e.g., `tr protocol arp'), for most of those protocols, the protocol identification comes from the 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which is usually layered on top of the FDDI or Token Ring header.
When filtering for most protocol identifiers on FDDI or Token Ring, tcpdump checks only the protocol ID field of an LLC header in so-called SNAP format with an Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI) of 0x000000, for encapsulated Ethernet; it doesn't check whether the packet is in SNAP format with an OUI of 0x000000.
The exceptions are iso, for which it checks the DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) and SSAP (Source Service Access Point) fields of the LLC header, stp and netbeui, where it checks the DSAP of the LLC header, and atalk, where it checks for a SNAP-format packet with an OUI of 0x080007 and the Appletalk etype.
In the case of Ethernet, tcpdump checks the Ethernet type field for most of those protocols; the exceptions are iso, sap, and netbeui, for which it checks for an 802.3 frame and then checks the LLC header as it does for FDDI and Token Ring, atalk, where it checks both for the Appletalk etype in an Ethernet frame and for a SNAP-format packet as it does for FDDI and Token Ring, aarp, where it checks for the Appletalk ARP etype in either an Ethernet frame or an 802.2 SNAP frame with an OUI of 0x000000, and ipx, where it checks for the IPX etype in an Ethernet frame, the IPX DSAP in the LLC header, the 802.3 with no LLC header encapsulation of IPX, and the IPX etype in a SNAP frame.]
decnet src host
True if the DECNET source address is host, which may be an address of the form ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name. [DECNET host name support is only available on Ultrix systems that are configured to run DECNET.]
decnet dst host
True if the DECNET destination address is host.
decnet host host
True if either the DECNET source or destination address is host.
ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, iso, stp, ipx, netbeui
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
lat, moprc, mopdl
Abbreviations for:
ether proto p
where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcpdump does not currently know how to parse these protocols.
vlan [vlan_id]
True if the packet is an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN packet. If [vlan_id] is specified, only true is the packet has the specified vlan_id. Note that the first vlan keyword encountered in expression changes the decoding offsets for the remainder of expression on the assumption that the packet is a VLAN packet.
tcp, udp, icmp
Abbreviations for:
ip proto p or ip6 proto p
where p is one of the above protocols.
iso proto protocol
True if the packet is an OSI packet of protocol type protocol. Protocol can be a number or one of the names clnp, esis, or isis.
clnp, esis, isis
Abbreviations for:
iso proto p
where p is one of the above protocols. Note that tcpdump does an incomplete job of parsing these protocols.
expr relop expr
True if the relation holds, where relop is one of >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an arithmetic expression composed of integer constants (expressed in standard C syntax), the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /, &, |], a length operator, and special packet data accessors. To access data inside the packet, use the following syntax:
proto [ expr : size ]
Proto is one of ether, fddi, tr, ip, arp, rarp, tcp, udp, icmp or ip6, and indicates the protocol layer for the index operation. Note that tcp, udp and other upper-layer protocol types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6 (this will be fixed in the future). The byte offset, relative to the indicated protocol layer, is given by expr. Size is optional and indicates the number of bytes in the field of interest; it can be either one, two, or four, and defaults to one. The length operator, indicated by the keyword len, gives the length of the packet.
For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all multicast traffic. The expression `ip[0] & 0xf != 5' catches all IP packets with options. The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff = 0' catches only unfragmented datagrams and frag zero of fragmented datagrams. This check is implicitly applied to the tcp and udp index operations. For instance, tcp[0] always means the first byte of the TCP header, and never means the first byte of an intervening fragment.
Some offsets and field values may be expressed as names rather than as numeric values. The following protocol header field offsets are available: icmptype (ICMP type field), icmpcode (ICMP code field), and tcpflags (TCP flags field).
The following ICMP type field values are available: icmp-echoreply, icmp-unreach, icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo, icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit, icmp-timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-tstampreply, icmp-ireq, icmp-ireqreply, icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply.
The following TCP flags field values are available: tcp-fin, tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-push, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.
Primitives may be combined using:
A parenthesized group of primitives and operators (parentheses are special to the Shell and must be escaped).
Negation (`!' or `not').
Concatenation (`&&' or `and').
Alternation (`||' or `or').
Negation has highest precedence. Alternation and concatenation have equal precedence and associate left to right. Note that explicit and tokens, not juxtaposition, are now required for concatenation.
If an identifier is given without a keyword, the most recent keyword is assumed. For example,
not host vs and ace
is short for
not host vs and host ace
which should not be confused with
not ( host vs or ace )
Expression arguments can be passed to tcpdump as either a single argument or as multiple arguments, whichever is more convenient. Generally, if the expression contains Shell metacharacters, it is easier to pass it as a single, quoted argument. Multiple arguments are concatenated with spaces before being parsed.
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