LeetCode #818. Race Car

题目描述：

Your car starts at position 0 and speed +1 on an infinite number line.  (Your car can go into negative positions.)

Your car drives automatically according to a sequence of instructions A (accelerate) and R (reverse).

When you get an instruction "A", your car does the following: position += speed, speed *= 2.

When you get an instruction "R", your car does the following: if your speed is positive then speed = -1 , otherwise speed = 1.  (Your position stays the same.)

For example, after commands "AAR", your car goes to positions 0->1->3->3, and your speed goes to 1->2->4->-1.

Now for some target position, say the length of the shortest sequence of instructions to get there.

Example 1:
Input: 
target = 3
Output: 2
Explanation: 
The shortest instruction sequence is "AA".
Your position goes from 0->1->3.

Example 2:
Input: 
target = 6
Output: 5
Explanation: 
The shortest instruction sequence is "AAARA".
Your position goes from 0->1->3->7->7->6.

Note:

• 1 <= target <= 10000.

class Solution {
public:
    int racecar(int target) {
        // 在每一个点上的速度不同也是不同的状态，所以用字符串表示位置和速度
        unordered_map<string,int> dist;
        queue<pair<int,int>> q;
        q.push({0,1});
        dist["0,1"]=0;
        while(!q.empty())
        {   // 进行BFS的时候要注意，需要保证新位置大于零小于target*2，否则会一直循环
            int pos=q.front().first, speed=q.front().second;
            q.pop();
            string s=to_string(pos)+","+to_string(speed);
            if(pos==target) return dist[s];
            int pos1=pos+speed;
            int speed1=speed*2;
            string s1=to_string(pos1)+","+to_string(speed1);
            if(dist.count(s1)==0&&pos1>0&&pos1<target*2)
            {
                dist[s1]=dist[s]+1;
                q.push({pos1,speed1});
            }
            
            int pos2=pos;
            int speed2=speed>0?-1:1;
            string s2=to_string(pos)+","+to_string(speed2);
            if(dist.count(s2)==0&&pos2>0&&pos2<target*2) 
            {
                dist[s2]=dist[s]+1;
                q.push({pos2,speed2});
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }
};