牛客网编程题：数组中缺失的最小正整数

参考博客： http://blog.csdn.net/zhangzhengyi03539/article/details/50732347

题目描述： 
对一个未排序的数组，找出缺失的最小正整数。 
例如，对于数组[1,2,0]返回3；对于数组[3,4,-1,1]返回2。 
算法时间复杂度应该为O(n)和常数的空间复杂度。

解析： 
一、如果数组重元素没有重复 
借助于快排把数据划分在给定元素左右，这里选择输入数组的中间元素递归划分。比如如果输入的数组在low-high区间内，将数据按照中间元素(low+high)/2划分，然后看中间元素值是否为(low+high)/2来判断下次递归是左半部分还是右半部份。最后的时间复杂度为3n=n+n+n/2+n/4…

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <vector></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">using</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span>;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Solution
{
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> FindLeastInteger(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span> input)
    {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> k = -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; i < input.size(); i++)
        {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (input[i]><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)
            {
                k++;
                input[k] = input[i];
            }
        }
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> DivisionFunction(input, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, k);
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> DivisionFunction(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span>input, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> low, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> high)
    {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (low == high)
        {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (input[low] == low + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)
                <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> low + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>;
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
                <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> low + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
        }
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> mid = (low + high) / <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> k = low;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i = low; i <= high; i++)
        {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (input[i] <= mid)
            {
                <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> temp = input[k];
                input[k] = input[i];
                input[i] = temp;
                k++;
            }
        }
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (k == low)
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> low + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (k == mid)
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> DivisionFunction(input, mid, high);
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> DivisionFunction(input, low, k - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
    }
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    <span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span> v{ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span> ,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> };
    Solution s;
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << s.FindLeastInteger(v);

    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << endl;
    getchar();
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li></ul>

二、如果数组中元素包含重复元素： 
借助于计数排序的思路，对数组进行排序。然后找出最小的缺失元素。

<code class="hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <vector></span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">using</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">namespace</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span>;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Solution
{
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> firstMissingPositive(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span> nums)
    {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> n = nums.size(), i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">while</span> (i < n)
        {
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (nums[i] > <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> && nums[i] <= nums.size() && nums[nums[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>] != nums[i])
                swap(nums, i, nums[i] - <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span>
                i++;
        }
        i = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">while</span> (i < n && nums[i] == i + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)
        {
            i++;
        }
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> i + <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>;
    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> swap(<span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span> &nums, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> i, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> j)
    {
        nums[i] = nums[i] ^ nums[j];
        nums[j] = nums[i] ^ nums[j];
        nums[i] = nums[i] ^ nums[j];
    }
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    <span class="hljs-stl_container" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">vector</span><<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>></span> v{ -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> };
    Solution s;
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << s.firstMissingPositive(v) << endl;
    getchar();
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code>