Python学习小记--列表/元组/字典/函数

# range中定步长range(start, end, step)

members = list(range(2,10,2))
print(members)  #[2, 4, 6, 8]

# 两个星号**表示乘方

squares = []
for val in range(1,10):  # 不包含右闭包
    square = val **2
    squares.append(square)
print(squares)  #[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

# the statements equal to follow
squares = [value**2 for value in range(1,10)]   # 列表解析
print(squares)

# 几个专门处理数字列表的Python函数

digits = [3, 1, 2, 6, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 0]
print(min(digits)) # 0
print(max(digits)) # 9
print(sum(digits)) # 45

# 列表切片（即使用索引截取列表范围，注意不包含右闭包）,下标从0开始

players = ['charles', 'martina', 'michael', 'florence', 'eli']
print(players[1:3]) # ['martina', 'michael']
print(players[2:])  # ['michael', 'florence', 'eli']
print(players[:3])  # ['charles', 'martina', 'michael']

for player in players[1:3]:
    print(player)

# 列表复制

my_foods = ['pizza', 'falafel', 'carrot cake']
friend_foods = my_foods[:] # 正确，产生副本
friend_foods = my_foods    # 错误，指向同一个列表

# 求列表元素个数用len()

print("my_foods has {0} elements".format(len(my_foods)))

# 列表具有pop()函数
# 以下检查一个列表是否为空

question_wait_to_answer = ['A', 'B', 'C',]
while question_wait_to_answer:
    cur_question = question_wait_to_answer.pop()
    print(cur_question)

# 不可变的列表称为元组

my_friends = ('xiaoming', 'xiaohong')
#my_friends[0] = 'xiaochen' # 错误,不可修改

# 虽然不能修改元组元素值，但可以给整个元组变量重新赋予元组

my_friends = ('charles', 'martina')
for friend in my_friends:
    print(friend)

# 集合set类似列表，但每个元素值必须唯一

score = [98, 97, 96, 91, 90, 96]
print(set(score))

# Python中用==来检查是否相等，用!=检查是否不相等

# 使用and / or 来连接多个检查条件# 检查特定值是否不包含再列表中，用not in

colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue']
cur_color = 'yellow'
if cur_color not in colors:
    print("%s is not a original color"%(cur_color))

# 在if 语句中将列表名用在条件表达式中时，Python将在列表至少包含一个元素时返回True ，并在列表为空时返回False# Python中字典是用大括号括起来的一系列键值对，任何Python对象都可以用作Python的值

cur_stu = {'name':'ali', 'age':18, 'sex':'male'}
print("My name is {0}, my age is {1} and my sex is {2}".format(cur_stu['name'], cur_stu['age'], cur_stu['sex']))
cur_stu['address'] = '广州市天河区'
del cur_stu['sex']
print(cur_stu)

# Python中字符串拼接运算符+

# Python中对字符大小写敏感

# Python中遍历字典用items()

for k,v in cur_stu.items():
    print("key is {0}, it's value is {1}".format(k,v))

# 遍历字典的所用键用keys()，遍历字典中的所有值用values()

for attr in cur_stu.keys():
    print(attr.title())
for val in cur_stu.values():
    print(val)

# 可以在列表中嵌套字典、在字典中嵌套列表甚至在字典中嵌套字典

# 函数input()让程序暂停运行，等待用户输入一些文本，Python将其存储于变量以供后续使用

# 数字字符串转化为整形用int()

age = input("How old are you?")
if int(age) > 18:
    print("you are a adult.")
else:
    print("you are a juveniles.")

# Python中使用3个双引号括起来，表示文档字符串注释，用来生成程序中有关函数的文档

def my_func():
    """this is my_func, here is it's description"""
    print("this is my_func")

my_func()

# 有时候需要禁止函数修改列表，此时可将列表的副本作为参数传入函数

def process_model(uncompleted_models, finished_models):
    while uncompleted_models:
        cur_model = uncompleted_models.pop()
        finished_models.append(cur_model)

    print("finished models list is {0}".format(finished_models))
    return None

unfinished = ['modelA', 'modelB', 'modelC']
completed = []

process_model(unfinished[:], completed)
print("original unfinished models list is {0}".format(unfinished))

# 模块化编程，函数归集到文件里，调用时导入文件采用import py文件名
# 也可以再导入模块时制定需要的任意数量的函数
# 例如 from my_model import func_a, func_b, func_c
# 给函数制定别名用as，例如 from my_model import my_func as mf
# 当调用时，使用 mf(a, b)
# from my_model import * #表示导入模块中的所用函数，不推荐此种方式