Android 代码优化

Android 代码优化


有这样一个话题在 StackOverflow: 上提起过:

What is the best way to retain active objects—such as running Threads, Sockets, and AsyncTasks—across device configuration changes?

简单的说: AnsyncTask & Socket & Thread 当Configuration改变的时候该如何处理?

回答这个问题前,先来讨论一下Android开发如何在Activity生命周期中处理长时间后台任务,然后再提出两种处理方法的缺陷,最后给出简单的推荐处理方式。

假定,Activity启动一个后台AnsyncTask,当用户旋转屏幕以后,Activity会销毁和重建,当 AsyncTask 最终完成其工作时,它将错误地将结果返回到旧的Activity实例,完全没有意识到已创建一个新的Activity。好像这并不是神马问题,因为新的Activity可以从新发起AsyncTask,即使这被认为是浪费资源,因为新的Activity完全没有意识到已经有AsyncTask实例在运行。

基于以上原因,当Configuration改变的时候,正确有效的保存Activity实例可以节约必要的资源。

保存Activity实例-不推荐

通过修改Android manifest的configChanges 属性可以禁止销毁和重建Activity当Configuration改变的时候,这个是解决这类问题最普遍的做法。这个方法看似相当简单,所以大部分Android开发人员特别热衷这么做。然而Google的工程师们,并不推荐这么做。
主要有以下原因:

  • Configuration改变以后,UI需要和Device的Configuration同步,如果你一个不小心,那么UI就会出现问题。因为此时Device的Configuration改变了,而你的UI却尚未同步改变。
  • 一些Android开发人员错误认为设置android:configChanges=”orientation” 会确保禁用销毁和重建Activity,而实际上并非如此,因为到时Configuration改变可能有许多原因,不仅仅局限在旋转屏幕,还有可能是当你改变程序的默认语言,或者将设备和其他显示设备相连的时候,这些都可能引起Configuration的改变。

基于以上原因,在Android manifest设置configChanges 属性并非明智之举。

重写 onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()-不推荐

在Activity实例之间传递对象比较推荐的方法是通过重写onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()getLastNonConfigurationInstance() 方法,然而这在API13以后废弃了,因为有更好的方法可以替代上面的重写方法。那么该如何处理上面的问题呢?

保持Activity内部的Fragment实例-推荐

自从Android 3.0引入Fragment以后,在Activity实例之间传递对象的推荐方法变成了保持Activity内部的Fragment实例,因为默认情况下,Fragment的生命周期是和它依附的Activity生命周期同步的。通过调用* Fragment#setRetainInstance(true)* 可以帮助我们绕过销毁-重建实例的周期,直接得到例如AnsyncTask & Socket & Thread等的引用。
下面是个简单的例子:

MainActivity.java

/**
 * This Activity displays the screen's UI, creates a TaskFragment
 * to manage the task, and receives progress updates and results 
 * from the TaskFragment when they occur.
 */
public class MainActivity extends Activity implements TaskFragment.TaskCallbacks {

  private static final String TAG_TASK_FRAGMENT = "task_fragment";

  private TaskFragment mTaskFragment;

  @Override
  protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.main);

    FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager();
    mTaskFragment = (TaskFragment) fm.findFragmentByTag(TAG_TASK_FRAGMENT);

    // If the Fragment is non-null, then it is currently being
    // retained across a configuration change.
    if (mTaskFragment == null) {
      mTaskFragment = new TaskFragment();
      fm.beginTransaction().add(mTaskFragment, TAG_TASK_FRAGMENT).commit();
    }

    // TODO: initialize views, restore saved state, etc.
  }

  // The four methods below are called by the TaskFragment when new
  // progress updates or results are available. The MainActivity 
  // should respond by updating its UI to indicate the change.

  @Override
  public void onPreExecute() { ... }

  @Override
  public void onProgressUpdate(int percent) { ... }

  @Override
  public void onCancelled() { ... }

  @Override
  public void onPostExecute() { ... }
}

TaskFragment.java

/**
 * This Fragment manages a single background task and retains 
 * itself across configuration changes.
 */
public class TaskFragment extends Fragment {

  /**
   * Callback interface through which the fragment will report the
   * task's progress and results back to the Activity.
   */
  interface TaskCallbacks {
    void onPreExecute();
    void onProgressUpdate(int percent);
    void onCancelled();
    void onPostExecute();
  }

  private TaskCallbacks mCallbacks;
  private DummyTask mTask;

  /**
   * Hold a reference to the parent Activity so we can report the
   * task's current progress and results. The Android framework 
   * will pass us a reference to the newly created Activity after 
   * each configuration change.
   */
  @Override
  public void onAttach(Activity activity) {
    super.onAttach(activity);
    mCallbacks = (TaskCallbacks) activity;
  }

  /**
   * This method will only be called once when the retained
   * Fragment is first created.
   */
  @Override
  public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

    // Retain this fragment across configuration changes.
    setRetainInstance(true);

    // Create and execute the background task.
    mTask = new DummyTask();
    mTask.execute();
  }

  /**
   * Set the callback to null so we don't accidentally leak the 
   * Activity instance.
   */
  @Override
  public void onDetach() {
    super.onDetach();
    mCallbacks = null;
  }

  /**
   * A dummy task that performs some (dumb) background work and
   * proxies progress updates and results back to the Activity.
   *
   * Note that we need to check if the callbacks are null in each
   * method in case they are invoked after the Activity's and
   * Fragment's onDestroy() method have been called.
   */
  private class DummyTask extends AsyncTask<Void, Integer, Void> {

    @Override
    protected void onPreExecute() {
      if (mCallbacks != null) {
        mCallbacks.onPreExecute();
      }
    }

    /**
     * Note that we do NOT call the callback object's methods
     * directly from the background thread, as this could result 
     * in a race condition.
     */
    @Override
    protected Void doInBackground(Void... ignore) {
      for (int i = 0; !isCancelled() && i < 100; i++) {
        SystemClock.sleep(100);
        publishProgress(i);
      }
      return null;
    }

    @Override
    protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... percent) {
      if (mCallbacks != null) {
        mCallbacks.onProgressUpdate(percent[0]);
      }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onCancelled() {
      if (mCallbacks != null) {
        mCallbacks.onCancelled();
      }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPostExecute(Void ignore) {
      if (mCallbacks != null) {
        mCallbacks.onPostExecute();
      }
    }
  }
}

对上面的简单Demo说明一下:
当MainActivity第一次创建时,将一并创建Fragment实例,并加入到MainActivity状态中去,Fragment创建AsyncTask,并通过CallBack回调将结果通知到MainActivity中去,而当COnfiguration改变以后,MainActivity经过正常的生命周期,而新的MainActivity实例会在OnCreate()方法中得到Fragment之前的引用,而在Fragment中,onAttach(Activity activity)方法会得到最新的Activity引用,二者之间都同步更新,有效避免了资源浪费和解决了因Configuration改变带来的问题。

这个简单的Demo是可靠的,从此不用再担心无法预料的Configuration改变带来的问题。

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