C++第53课--被遗弃多重继承(上)，同一个对象地址不同，数据冗余

本文学习自 狄泰软件学院 唐佐林老师的 C++课程，文章图片源自于老师的课程PPT

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实验1：多重继承问题1，通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有不同的地址

父类A指针p1 指向子类C的头部
父类B指针p2 指向子类C的胸部

实验2：多重继承问题2：产生冗余
实验3：实验2续，使用作用域访问父类成员函数

  d.Teacher::print();
  d.Student::print();

实验4：多重继承产生数据冗余的解决方案：虚继承

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实验1：多重继承问题1，通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有不同的地址
父类A指针p1 指向子类C的头部
父类B指针p2 指向子类C的胸部
…

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
    int ma;
public:
    BaseA(int a)
    {
        ma = a;
    }
    int getA()
    {
        return ma;
    }
};

class BaseB
{
    int mb;
public:
    BaseB(int b)
    {
        mb = b;
    }
    int getB()
    {
        return mb;
    }
};

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
    int mc;
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)
    {
        mc = c;
    }
    int getC()
    {
        return mc;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
             << "mb = " << getB() << ", "
             << "mc = " << mc << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;    // 12
    
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    
    d.print();
    
    cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
    cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
    cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;
    
    cout << endl;
    
    BaseA* pa = &d;
    BaseB* pb = &d;
    
    cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
    cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;
    
    cout << endl;
    
    void* paa = pa;
    void* pbb = pb;
    
    
    if( paa == pbb )
    {
        cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl; 
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Error" << endl;
    }
    
    cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
    cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
    cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
    cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl; 
    
    return 0;
}


mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 53-1.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out 
sizeof(Derived) = 12
ma = 1, mb = 2, mc = 3
d.getA() = 1
d.getB() = 2
d.getC() = 3

pa->getA() = 1
pb->getB() = 2

Error
pa = 0x7ffe08b0de10
pb = 0x7ffe08b0de14
paa = 0x7ffe08b0de10
pbb = 0x7ffe08b0de14
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 

问题：为什么地址不一样的？？？

如图 老师和学生分别集成了人类的名字和年龄。博士同事拥有了老师和学生的所有的成员变量和成员函数，这样年龄和姓名就产生冗余了。。。。 博士将会有两个名字和两个年龄，不合实际。

实验2：多重继承问题2：产生冗余

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Student : public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    
    d.print();
    
    return 0;
}

mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 53-2.cpp
53-2.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
53-2.cpp:51:7: error: request for member ‘print’ is ambiguous
     d.print();
       ^
53-2.cpp:16:10: note: candidates are: void People::print()
     void print()
          ^
53-2.cpp:16:10: note:                 void People::print()
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 

博士类继承了两个 print()，他不知道到底该调用哪一个print()

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实验3：多重继承问题2：产生冗余，

用

  d.Teacher::print();
  d.Student::print();

调用父类成员函数

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Student : public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name + "1", age+1), Student(name+"2", age+2)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    
//    d.print();
   
  d.Teacher::print();
  d.Student::print(); 
  
    return 0;
}


mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 53-2.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out 
Name = Delphi1, Age = 34
Name = Delphi2, Age = 35
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ 

可以得到结论：在Doctor类中有 两个年龄成员变量，两个姓名成员变量 。是冗余重复的信息。

实验4：多重继承产生数据冗余的解决方案：虚继承

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age), People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    //直接调用 已经没有冗余的信息了
    d.print();
    
    return 0;
}


mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ g++ 53-2.cpp
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$ ./a.out 
Name = Delphi, Age = 33
mhr@ubuntu:~/work/c++$