动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词,谓语动词包括实义动词、be动词、情态动词和助动词,详见动词部分;非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动词的ing形式(动名词和现在分词)和动词的ed形式(过去分词)。他们在句子中不能单独作谓语动词。
第一节 动词不定式
动词不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语等。
一、形式
动词不定式基本形式由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“疑问词+to+动词原形”。它的被动形式是:“to be+过去分词”。它的完成形式是:“tohave+过去分词”。
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语等。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、状语和表语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。
1.动词不定式可以放在谓语前作句子主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用forsb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。例如:
To help animals is helping people.
帮助动物就是帮助人类。
It is very difficult (for us)to learn Chinese well.
对于我们而言,学好汉语非常困难。
It took me half an hour to work out this problem.
解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间。
2. 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。例如:
及物谓语动词 | +不定式(作宾语) | |
---|---|---|
want(想)/try(试图)/decide(决定)/would like(要)/hope(希望)love(喜爱)/learn(学会)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失败、未能)/mean(意味着)/prefer(宁愿)/wish(希望) | +(to)do | 后面直接加带to的动词不定式to do |
help(帮助) | 后面可以加带to的动词不定式,也可以加不带to的动词不定式do | |
begin(开始)/start(开始)/hate(憎恨) | 后面可以加todo也可以接动名词,意义变化不大 | |
forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/like(总爱)/stop(停止) | 后面可以加to do也可以接动名词,意义变化较大 |
I want to have a rest at the moment.
我现在想休息一下。
They began to search the room for the thief.
他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷。
Please remember to ring me up.
记得给我打电话。(还没打电话)
I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.
我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了。(打过电话了)
They stopped to have a look.
他们停下来看看。(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)
They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.
他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课。(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容。)
及物谓语动词 | +疑问词+不定式(作宾语) | |
---|---|---|
tell(告诉)/show(显示)/know(知道)/ask(问)/find out (发现) /understand(明白)/wonder(疑惑)/learn(学会)/forget(忘记)/remember(记得)/teach sb.(教某人) /discuss(商讨) | what where +how + to (do) who which | 动词不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等 |
He does not know which one to take.
他不知道该选哪个。
She asked me what to do for today's homework.
她问我今天家庭作业做什么。
注意不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。例如:
I found it hard to learn to ride a bike
我发现学骑车很难。
3.动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。例如:
修饰词 | to | 翻译 |
---|---|---|
something | to eat | 可以吃的东西 |
It's time | to go. | 该走了。/该走的时间了。 |
Give me a book | to read. | 给我一本书读吧。/给我一本要读的书。 |
注意在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如:
They could not find a place to live in.
他们找不到住的地方。
Please give me à chair to sit on.
请给我一张椅子坐坐。
动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况:
(1)放在不及物动词(come,go,stop,finish,wait等词)的后面。例如:
He came to see her yesterday.(的状语,表示来的目的)
他昨天来看望她。
(2)放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”“谓语+宾语+补语”“动词+表语”之后)。例如:
We cleaned the room to let him play in it. (目的状语,表示打扫房间的目的)
我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩。
(3)有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。例如:
To arrive there on time, I got up one hour earlier than usual. (目的状语,表示早起的目的)
为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时。
5.动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。例如:
谓语动词 | 宾语 | to do作宾补 |
---|---|---|
ask(请)/tell(关照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/would like()/get()/help()/invite(邀请)/like(喜欢)/warn(警告) | sb./sth. | to do |
make(使)/let()/hear(听)/see(看)/feel(感觉)/watch(观)/have(使)/help(帮助) | sb./sth. | do sth. |
Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.
妈妈叫我帮她做饭。
The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.
老板常让工人们一天工作14小时。
注意:help之后做宾补的不定式符号 to可以省略; hear/see/feel/watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意。例如:
I heard her crying when I walked past.
我路过时听到她正在哭。(指当时瞬间的情况。)
I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.
我坐在她附近听她唱新歌。(指整个过程。)
6.动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。例如:
A goalkeeper's job is to keep the goal.
我的工作就是守住球门。
第二节 动词ing形式(动名词和现在分词)
动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语、定语等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。
1.动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。例如:
Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.
=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.
学英语完全靠自学可不那么容易。
2.动名词可以作宾语。
(1)want/need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。例如:
Your car needs repairing badly.
你的车急需修理。
(2)remember/forge/stop/finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。例如:
I forgot to write a letter to him.
我忘了给他写封信。(根本没写)
forgot writing a letter to him.
我忘了给他写过信。(写了却忘了)
(3)enjoy/mind/keep/hate/go等词一般用动名词作宾语。例如:
I enjoy walking around the town.
我喜欢在镇上转悠。
(4)like/love/start/begin/learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。例如:
We began studying English when we were at primary school.
我们在小学时就开始学英语了。
3、动名词可以作表语,主语和表语可以互换位置;此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆,主语和表语不可以互换位置。例如:
My job is putting these parts together.
我的事情是把这些部件拼起来。
I am putting these parts together.(现在进行时)
我正在把这些部件拼起来。
4.动名词可以作定语,表示用途。例如:
I have a swimming pool in my garden.
我花园里有个游泳池。
现在分词与动名词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情和用途,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作和状态。现在分词可以作定语、表语、宾补和状语等。
1.现在分词作定语,表示事物的动作或状态。例如:
He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.
他追着一辆跑着的公交车,然后上了车。
2.现在分词作表语,已经有形容词的意味了,可以用very,extremely等修饰,有比较级。常见的有surprising,exciting等。例如:
The news is so exciting.
消息太令人振奋了!
现在分词作宾补,说明宾语的性质、特征和动作,和宾语之间是主动关系。变成被动时,宾补变主补。例如:
His father saw him sitting on some eggs.
他爸爸看到他正坐在鸡蛋上。
He was seen by his father sitting on some eggs. (宾补变主补)
现在分词作状语,表示事情发生的时间、原因、让步、方式和伴随等。例如:
When reading the book, I heard a sound.(现在分词作时状语)
读书的时候,我听到了一声响。
Alex is sitting there, crying.(现在分词作伴随状语)
艾利克斯坐在那儿,张嘴哭着。
第三节 动词ed形式(过去分词)
分词包含现在分词和过去分词,现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。过去分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语、补语和表语等。
1.过去分词作定语。例如:
I know the man called Stephen.
我认识那个叫史蒂芬的男人。
He gave me a broken glass, so I was very angry with him.
他给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气。
2.过去分词作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有: be worried(焦虑) /be pleased(高兴) /be tired(疲劳) /get dressed(打扮好) /get lost (迷路) /get caught(遭遇)/become frustrated(沮丧)/become interested in(对……感兴趣)等。例如:
I am tired after 30 hours'travel.
30个小时的旅程后,我非常疲惫。
3.过去分词可以作宾语补足语。例如:
I had my hair cut this morning.
今天早上我让人给我理了发。
( have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆。)
4.过去分词可以作状语,表示事情发生的时间、原因、让步、方式和伴随等。例如:
Worried about the journey,I was unsettled for a few days. (过去分词作原因状语)
由于担心旅程,我不安了好几天。
非谓语动词专项
一、单项选择
1. He knows nothing about it, so he can't help_____any of your work.
A.doing
B. to do
C. being doing
D. to be done
2. All her time_____experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do
B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing
D. is devoted to doing
3. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_____it more difficult.
A. not make
B. not to make
C. not making
D. do not make
4. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____behind his back.
A. to be tied
B. being tied
C.tied
D. having tied
5._____in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded
B. It was founded
C.Founded
D. Founding
6. -"Do you have anything more_____sir?"
-"No. You can have a rest or do something else."
A. typing
B. to be typed
C.typed
D. to type
7. She took her son, ran out of the house,_____him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctor's office.
A.put
B. to put
C. putting
D. having put
8. The boss insisted that every minute_____made full use of the work well.
A. be, to do
B. was, doing
C. be, doing
D. was, to do
9. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____the next year.
A. carried out
B. carrying out
C. carry out
D. to carry out
10. How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward_____at last.
A. to has come
B. to have come
C. to having come
D. has come
答案
一、单项选择
1-5 BBBCC
6-10 BAAAA