英语——定语从句和状语从句

第一节 定语从句

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where,when,why等。例如：

关系词		修饰的先行词	在句子中的成分
关系代词	who	指人	主语、宾语
	whom	指人	宾语
	whose	指人、物	定语
	that	指人、物	主语、宾语
	which	指物	主语、宾语
关系副词	when	表时间	时间状语
	where	表地点	地点状语
	why	表原因	原因状语

The boy who is wearing a black coat bought a dictionary yesterday.
穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一本字典。
(The boy是先行词， who is wearing a black coat是定语从句。 Who是关系代词，在从句中是主语。)
The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.
我妈做的面条非常美味。
The school where I learned judo was very large.
我学柔道的学校很大。
I remember the day when our band was formed.
我还记得我们乐队组建起来的那一天。
I don't know the reason why she got so angry this morning.
我们不知道她今天早上如此生气的原因。

一、定语从句的种类

定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
1.限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。例如：
Do you know the girl who just came in?
你认识刚才进来的女孩吗？
Shanghai is a city (that) I've always wanted to visit.
上海是一个我一直想要参观的城市。
2.非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，而且不可以
省略关系词。例如：
The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.
那个老妇人，独自居住，有一只猫陪着她。
Betty is going to marry Stephen, whom she loves.
贝蒂要嫁给斯蒂芬了，她爱的人。

二、关系代词的用法

在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
1.关系代词who,whom的用法
who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom，但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。例如：
Tony is a person who always has novel ideas.
唐尼是一个总有新奇想法的人。
The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Chen.
你刚才聊天的那个人是陈老师。
The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp.
(介词to提到定语从句前，连接词只能用宾格whom。)
We'll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.
我们会去医院看病人，他们大多数都是孩子。
(whom前常用表示数量的none/neither/both/each/all of..)

2.在定语从句中，who,that指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用who, 而不用that。
(1)先行词是one,ones,anyone时，宜用who。例如：
The ones who flatter me don't please me.
奉承我的人不能让我高兴。
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.
笑到最后的才是笑得最好的。
(2)先行词为those时，宜用who。例如：
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
想去长城的人在这里签名。
(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。例如：
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Beijing
我昨天在街上遇到一个女孩，她在北京长大。
(4)一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词时that,另一个宜用who。例如；
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
你昨晚遇到的男孩是组长，学习很努力。
(5)在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。例如：
There are many old men who are against this plan.
有很多老人反对这个计划。

3.关系代词whose的用法：关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。当whose代物时，相当于of which。
Whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。例如：
The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room of which the window faces south.
=The tourist wanted to book a room. The room's window faces south.
这位旅客想要预定一间窗户朝南的房间。

4.关系代词that,which的用法
(1)在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可通用。例如：
The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.
我刚买的新房子只有六英里远。
They planted some trees that/which didn't need much water.
他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。
(2)限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况。例如：
A.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
这是目前使用的解决污染的最好方式。
B.先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
这是他们第三次见面了。
C.主句已有疑问词who或which时
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?
坐在湖边的那个男人是谁？
D.先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
他谈到了他刚刚拜访的学校和老师。
E.先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything,nothing,none等不定代词时
We haven't got much that we can offer you.
我们没有很多可以给你的东西。
I'd like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
我想告诉你一些让你吃惊的事情。
F.先行词前面有the very, the only, the same, any, few, little,no, all, one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.
这就是我那晚睡觉的房间。
Lisa is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
丽萨是唯一想要成为老师的人。
G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词以用which，另一个宜用that
Victor built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
维克托建了一个工厂，里面生产前所未见的事物。
(3)定语从句只用which而不用that的情况。例如：
A.引导非限定定语从句时
The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.
我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
我两年前买的房子有一个很可爱的花园。
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.
这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋子，大多数都售往国外。
(which前常none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。）
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时
This is the hotel in which you will stay. That's the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.
这就是你将要住的酒店。
(此句中，如果介词in放在句子的后面，那么关系代词既可用which，也可用that，还可省略。）
C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句时，其中一句的关系代词that时，另一个用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看这本小说，我刚从新开的图书馆借的。

5.关系副词的用法(where,when,why):关系副词和关系代词一样，具有多重作用：连接主句与从句，指代先行词，在从句中作句子成分。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
(1)有关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building,city,room等，where在从句中作地点状语。例如：
The hotel where we stayed was very clean. The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
我们住的酒店很干净。
(2)有when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time,day,date等，when在从句中作时间状语。例如：
I'll never forget the time when we first met in London.
=I'll never forget the time (that)/during which we first met in London.
我不会忘记我们第一次在伦敦见面的时刻。
如果按语法来讲，上例中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when,而且还可以省略。
(3)由why引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason后面，why在句中作原因状语。例如：
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
我之所以得到这个工作，是因为我工作努力。
Ella didn't get a pay rise, but this wasn't the main reason why she left. =Ella didn't get a pay rise, but this wasn't the main reason (that)/for which she left.
艾拉没有得到加薪，但是这不是她离开的主要原因。
一般说来，在定语从句中，只要先行词是 the reason，它的关系副词就是why,但在口语中，和when一样，why常被 that代替，也可省略。
(4)关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的区别
对于同一个先行词，正确区分关系代词和关系副词，关键是要弄清楚它们在定语从句中担任什么成分，而不仅仅取决于先行词是什么。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中作状语，从句是一个完整的句子，就是关系副词，当然，上面提到的口语用法除外。也可以简单根据定语从句中的谓语动词来判断，如果从句中的谓语动词是及物动词就用关系代词，如果是不及物动词就用关系副词。例如：
1. This is the college (that/which)I visited.
这是我参观的大学。
(关系代词that/which作visit及物动词的宾语。)
2. This is the college where I studied three years ago.
这是我三年前学习的大学。
(关系副词where作后面完整句子的状语，study不及物。)
3. I'll never forget the day (that/which)we spent together.
我不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
(关系代词that/which作spend及物动词的宾语。）
4. I'll never forget the day when I got married.
我不会忘记我结婚的那一天。
(关系副词when作后面完整句子的时间状语。)

三、使用定语从句注意事项

1.定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称，数要与先行词一致。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是那个想见你的男人吗？
(2）as/which作主语引导非限定性从句时，从句谓语用第三人称。例如：
As is usual, Charlie came to school late this morning.
和往常一样，查理今早来学校晚了。
(3)先行词为“oneof+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。例如：
John is one of the students who want to be the monitor in our class.
约翰是我们班想当班长的几个学生之一。
(4)先行词为 “the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。例如：
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.
他是唯一连续三年拿到奖学金的学生。
2.what,how不能用于定语从句中
(1)what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句进行互换。例如：
正： Tell me anything(that) you know. = Tell me what you know.
告诉我你知道的一切。
误： Tell me anything what you know.
(2)how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用which来引导，也可用that或省略。例如：
正： This is the way (in which/that) I worked out the problem.
=This is how I worked out the problem.
这就是我解决出问题的方法。 
误 : This is the way how Iworked out the problem.
3.关系代词和关系副词的省略
关系代词的省略：
A.非限定性定语从句中关系代词不可以省略。例如：
Mr. Li, who was my former English teacher, retired last year.
我以前的英语老师李老师去年退休了。
B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可省略。例如：
Sorry, I forgot to bring the magazine(which/that) you want.
抱歉，我忘记带来你要的杂志了。
C.关系代词作介词宾语时，如果介词出现在关系代词前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句句末，关系代词可以省略。例如：
This is the government building in which my father works. This is the government (which/that)my father works in.
这就是我父亲工作的政府大楼。
D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词可省略。例如：
There's nothing (that) I can do about it.
没有什么我能做的了。

四、定语从句和同位语的区别

(1)根据that在从句中是否做成分来判定。
引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在句中充当主语或宾语，是对先行词的一个说明。引导同位语从句的that是连接词，不充当任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which代替。同位语从句用来说明名词或代词表示的具体内容。例如：
The news that you told me last week is not true.
你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。
(that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news,that在从句中充当told的宾语。)
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
领导来这里的消息不是真的。
（that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。)
(2)根据意思来判断。
在关系代词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是。例如：
The news that you told me is not true.
你告诉我的消息不是真的。
The news is that you told me last week.(不成立；不是同位语从句)
The news that the leader will come here is not true.
领导来的消息不是真的。
The news is that the leader will come here.(成立；是同位语从句)

第二节 状语从句

状语从句在句中作状语，可分为时间、条件、让步、原因、目的、结果、比较、地点、方式状语从句。

一、时间状语从句

引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, as, while, until, not..until, before, after, since, the minute, the moment, each (every, next, thefirst)time等。时间状语从句中一般用一般现在时或一般过去时。
1.when,while,as都可解释为“当……时”，但侧重点有所不同。
例如：
(1)when
When I arrived home, I had a little rest.
当我到家的时候，我休息了一会。
when从句的主语与主句主语相同，谓语动词是be动词时，从句主语和be可以省略。
When(she was) walking along the street, she met her class teacher.
在街上走的时候，她遇到了她的班主任。
(2)as
as除了表示“当……时”，还可表示为“一边……一边”，“随着”。
He sang as he danced.(一边……一边)
他一边唱一边跳。
You will grow wiser as you grow older.(随)
随着年龄的增长，你会越来越聪明的。
(3)while
while表示“当……的时候”，强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，从句一般用进行时，因此动词必须是延续性动词。
While we were working, they were having a rest.
我们工作的时候，他们正在休息。
注意while有对比的含义，解释为“然而”。例如：
I prefer black tea, while he likes coffee.
我喜欢红茶，他喜欢咖啡。
2.until,not..until表示“直到……才”，在肯定句中主句常用延续性动词，在否定句中主句常用短暂性动词。例如：
肯定句：I waited until midnight.
我一直等到了午夜。
否定句： I did not leave until midnight.
我直到午夜才离开。
注意 ① not until..在句首，主句用倒装，例如：
Not until you had explained how, did I manage to do it.你一解释方法，我就能做成。
② It is not until..that.引导的是强调句，例如：
It was not until it was dark that he came back.直到天黑，他才回来。
③ the minute, the moment, each time都可表示“一……就……”，例如：
The worker recognized the type of the machine the moment he saw it.一看到机器，工人就认出 了机型。
④ the minute, the moment, each (every, next, the first) time 作连词不和when连用。
3. Hardly/scarcely..when, no sooner..than, as soon as表示为“一……就……”。例如：
I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
It began to rain as soon as I got home.
我刚回到家，就下雨了。
注意 Hardly/scarcely..when, no sooner.than位于句首时，主句用倒装。
例如：
Had I hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.= No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
我刚回到家，就下雨了。

二、条件状语从句

条件状语从句分为真实条件句和虚拟条件句。引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, even if/though, unless/if.not, as long as/so long as, asfar as/so far as, provided/providing (that), on condition that等。条件状语从句中如果主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时。
1.unless和if..not:unless相当于if..not。例如：
You will fail unless you study hard. You will not fail if you study hard.
除非你努力学习，要不你会失败的。
注意在虚拟条件句中可用if..not,但不能用unless。例如：
If she were not too silly, she would understand
如果她不傻，她就会明白的。
2.引导条件状语从句的其他连词，例如：
You may go there, as long as you keep quite.
只要你安静，你就能去那。
I will go provided that you go too.
如果你也去，我就去。

三、让步状语从句

引导让步状语从句的连词有：though,although,even if/though,however, no matter how, no matter what, no matter who
1.though,although不可与but连用，但可以和yet，still连用。例如：
Though/Although it is raining, they are still running outside.
虽然下雨了，但他们仍在外面跑步。
注意 though可引导倒装（although不引导倒装)，结构为：强调对象+as/though+主语+其他成分，强调对象可为表语（名词、形容词)或状语（副词），表语为名词时，前面不用冠词。例如：Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.虽然他是孩子，但 他知道什么是正确的。Tired as he is, he goes on with his work.虽然他很累，但他仍继续工作。
2. despite和in spite of也有让步意义，后接名词或动词，而though,although是连词，后接从句。例如：
Despite/In spite of wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letter.
Though/although she wanted to see him again, she refused to reply to his letter.
虽然想再次见他，但是她拒绝回复他的信件。
3.“nomatter+疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”,例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
无论发生什么，他都不会介意。
注意nomatter+疑问词不能导名词性从句。
4.even if/though表示“即使”。例如：
He doesn't want to marry her even if/though he loves her very much.
虽然他很爱她，但是他不能娶她。

四、原因状语从句

引导原因状语从句的连词有：because,since, as, now that, considering that, for the reason that, due to the fact that, owing to the fact that
1.because:because语气最强，通常用于回答why提出的问题。但在itwas.….that.….的强调结构中，强调原因状语从句可用because引导，不用since，as，for引导。例如：
It is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the situation.
因为她没有经验，所以不知道如何处理这个情况。
2.since和as：since的语气比because弱，比as强，表示间接的、已知的原因，自然的结果，表示“既然，由于”。例如：
As/Since you are' not very well, you had better have a rest.
由于你不舒服，你最好休息一下。
3.for:当for表示原因关系时，for分句是对第一分句内容的推断或猜测。例如：
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.
昨天肯定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。

五、目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的连词有： so that, in order that, lest, in case,for fear that等。例如：
You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.
你得大声点，这样大家都听得到。
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it. 
他写下名字，以防忘记。
注意 lest, in case, for fear that所引导的状语从句中，动词可以用虚拟语气，形式为should+动词原形，也可不用虚拟语气，用动词的一般现在时或一般过去时。例如：
You had better leave the key at home in case one of us should think of/thinks of coming back.
你最好把钥匙留在家里，以免我们想到回来。

六、结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有so that,so.that,such..that等。例如：
He is so young that he cannot go to school.
He is such a young boy that he cannot go to school.
他太小了，还不能上学。
1.常用句型
so +形容词/副词 + that从句
so+形容词+ a/an+单数可数名词 + that从句
such +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+ that从句
such+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+that从句
2.so和such的搭配规律
such修饰名词或名词词组，so修饰形容词或副词，so还可接many,few, much, little.
so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many/few flowers
such nice flowers
so much/little money
such rapid progress
so many people
such a lot of people

七、比较状语从句

引导比较状语从句的连词有： as..as, than, not so..as, the more.themore等。例如：
He speaks English as fluently as his brother(does).他英语说得和哥哥一样流利。
I can't jump so/as high as he (does).
我不能和他跳得一样高。
注意连接词than可作为关系代词来用。例如：
He wrote more than was necessary.
他写得比必要的多。
Don't carry more money than is needed.
别带不必要多的钱。

八、地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词有：where，wherever以及where构成的复合词等。例如：
She found her calculator where she lost it.
她在丢计算器的地方找到了它。
Wherever I am, I will miss you.
无论我在哪，我都会想你的。
请区分下面两个句子：
I happened to see your dictionary lie where I used it last time.(地点状语从句)
我碰巧看到你的字典放在我上次用它的地方。
I happened to see your dictionary lie in the lab where I used it lasttime.(定语从句)
我碰巧看到你的字典放在我上次用它的实验室。
注意定语从句where前面有先行词，状语从句没有先行词。

九、方式状语从句

引导方式状语从句的连接词有as，just as， as if/though（一般用虚拟语气，有时也用陈述语气)等。例如：
Just do as you are told.
按照被告知的去做就是了。
The workers went on working as if nothing had happened.
工人们继续工作，好像什么都没发生。
1.在just as，so结构中，as带有比喻含义。意为“正如”，多用于正式文体。
Just as some people like sports, so some people like music.
很多人喜欢运动，同样的，也有很多人喜欢音乐。
2.theway也可引导方式状语从句。
You should operate the machine the way I do.
你应该像我一样操作机器。

定语和状语从句专项

单项选择

1. The general at last got a chance to visit the village_____he used to fight,he had been dreaming of for years.
A. that/which
B. where/that
C. in which/what
D. where/which

2. I will hire the man_____they say is a good English speaker.
A.who
B. whose
C.which
D. whom

3. He has to work on Sundays,_____he does not like.
A. and which
B. which
C. and when
D. when

4. I gave him a warning,_____he turned a deaf ear.
A. of which
B. for which
C. to that
D. to which

5. My father has made me_____I am. 
A. who
B. which
C.what
D.that

6. She is one of the few girls who_____passed the examination.
A.was
B. were
C. has
D. have

7. Scientists say it may be five or ten years_____it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A.since
B. before
C.after
D. when

8._____the Internet is bringing the distance between people, it may also be breaking some homes or will cause other family problems.
A.When
B.If
C.As
D.While

9. I had worked here_____you came here. But I shall leave for England_____
A. before long; before long
B. before long; long before
C. long before; before long
D. long before; long before

10. China is the birthplace of kites,_____kite-flying spread to Japan, Korea, and India.
A. from there
B.where
C. from where
D.there

11. John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out_____he phones.
A. as long as
B. in order to
C. in case
D. so that

12. _____others say, the expert is sure that his theory is correct.
A. No matter
B. It doesn't matter
C. Whatever
D.What

13. Many places are flooded by heavy rainfalls, so they can't walk_____they like these days.
A.when
B. whenever
C. where
D. wherever

14. -The thread of my kite broke and it flew away.
-I had told you it would easily break_____it was the weakest.
A.when
B.where
C.unless
D. since

15. The roof fell_____he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.
A.before
B.as
C.after
D.until

答案

单项选择
1-5 DABDC
6-10 DBDCC
11-15 CCDDA