Python 学习笔记——Code with mosh课程

初学者买的Youtube上的Python教程，因为工作在身，会不定时更新笔记，如果有人需要资源，可以留言，我会共享。
笔记公开，希望有兴趣的同行者，我们一起努力。
第一章是非常基础的东西，所以就没记笔记。

II- Python Basics

1- Variables

#分配变量小技巧
x = 1
y = 2
#上下三组赋值效果一致
x, y = 1, 2
x = y = 1

2- Dynamic Typing

不同于C语言，在python里，某一个变量的种类（class）不是固定的。

3- Type Annotation(注释)

age: int = 20
# int 就是 Annotation，用于标注变量类型
# 如果linter 是 mypy，改变同一变量的类型，mypy就会报错

4- Mutable and Immutable Types

x = 1
print(id(x))
# 140705238406816
x = x + 1
print(id(x))
# 140705238406848

From above results, we can definitely get the conclusion that integer variables are immutable. Moreover, whenever the value of an integer variable is changed, Python will allocate a new memory address for the variable, with the same name, and the former memory will be released as nothing refers to it.

List is changeable.

5- Strings

Index is simply explained in the official tutorial book, and the demonstration is fantastic.

course = 'Python Programming'
print(len(course))
# this function can be used to calculate the length of a string 
# or the item number of a set
print(course[0])
print(course[-2])
print(course[0:3])
print(course[:3])
print(course[0:])
print(course[:])
# these above functions are slice function
print(id(course))
print(id(course[0]))

whenever a string is sliced, Python will automatically create a copy of the string with a different type and memory address.

The above two results/addresses are different.

String is immutable variable but list is mutable.

6- Escape Sequences

• \ (backslash) is escape character(转义字符) in Python
• to remove the specialty of \ is to mark r before the string

print(r'D:\BaiduNetdisk\Download')
# in this case, \ will display as wish

• \n new line

7- Formatted Strings

first_name = 'John'
last_name = 'Smith'
full_name = f'Hello, {first_name} {last_name}'
full_name = 'Hello, {} {}'.format(first_name, last_name)
# the result of line 3 is identical to that of line 4
# personally, I prefer the first one; It's much more easy to type
# line 4 has similiar syntax to C#
# in C#, the code is like this: 
# console.WriteLine("Hello,{0} {1}", first_name, last_name)
full_name = f'Hello, {len(first_name)} {4+5}'
# You can put any value in curly braces
# it works as if there is no quote. 

You can put any value in curly braces, and it works as if there is no quote.

8- Useful String Methods

You can check all the methods within VScode. Follow the steps below

course = 'Python Programming'
course.
course.strip()
# 去前后空格

9- Numbers

Python 支持二进制和十六进制，数字的写法和转化methods如下

x = 0b10
print(bin(x))
y = 0x12c
print(hex(y))

于此同时，Python可以做复数和高数运算

10- Arithmetic Operators

x = 10//3
# 除法求整数
x = 10 % 3
# 余数
x = 10**3
# 指数运算
x = 10**(-3)
# 开方运算

11- Working with Numbers（函数用法搜索）

In Python, unlike languages like JS or C#, there is no constant, so, by convention, we use uppercase letters to tell other developers that the uppercased variable should be considered as a constant and not be modified.

Google “python 3 built-in functions” to get more information.

For the functions of modules, for example, the math module, you can google “python 3 math module.”

12- Type Conversion

x = 1
print(int(x))
print(float(x))
print(bool(x))
# Falsy Vaule in Python(like JS)
# "" is empty string
# 0
# [] is empty list
# None (null in C languages)

13- Conditional Statements

In Python, unlike C languages, we use indentation (缩进) to specify code block( like {} in C#).

Python is a language very sensitive to line and indentation.

if condition:
  pass
# pass works like placeholder
elif condition:
  pass
else:
  pass

14- Logical Operators

In Python, there are three logical operators: and, or, and not

name = ""
if not name:
    print("name is empty")
# This is hard to understand at the first glance
# Basically, NOT operator returns a Boolean value
# If the Boolean Value is FASLE
# the condition is met

name = " "
# a space within quote
if not name.strip():
    print("name is empty")
# use strip method to remove space to get False value
# Otherwise, it won't work

age = 22
if age > 18 and age < 60:
if 18 < age < 60:
# line 17 and line 18 has the same function in Python.

15- Ternary (三进制，三元的) Operator

类似C#里的问号冒号表达式，Python也有三元表达方式

age = 20
message = "Eligible" if age > 18 else "Not Eligible"
print(message)

16- For Loops

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a string).

This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set etc.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
  print(x)

for x in range(0, 10, 2):
    print(x)
# range (起始数，最终数，step)
# 起始数和最终数都是inclusive，step默认是1
# range function is not a list, but a special class called range.
# range class is iterable in Python, and is similiar to list, string etc.

a = "xiaozhan is a good girl"
for x in a:
    print(x, end="")
# or
    print(a.split())
# in for loop, you don't need to define the x as a vriable
# x will be defined automatically and only works in the loop

第五天晚上

17- For…Else

Else 的理解和C#一样，不必多说

18- While Loops

While Loop 和 For Loop的不同之处

For loop 会依次的把所有的item执行完，如果检索到需要的item，需要用到break命令来退出

while如果要实现上述功能，则不需要，因为它的结束条件是可以自定义的

for loop的优势就在于处理列表的时候，会非常的方便。

19- Functions

def increment(number: int, by: int = 1) -> tuple:
    return (number, number + by)
# 可以在函数里，定义输入参数的类型，以及默认值
# 可以在函数里，定义输出的类型

print(increment(3))

20- Arguments- 、*args（* 号形参）

def multiply(*list):
    total = 1
    for numbers in list:
        total *= numbers
    return total


print(multiply(2, 3, 4, 5))

# 这种函数能实现任意数字的相乘，不会限制数字的数量
# 原理是用*unpack吗，爱了爱了

日结

忙了一天，抽烟太多，头痛，看不下去，鸽了

第六天下午

21- Arguments- **args

def save_user(**user):
    print(user)


save_user(id=1, name='admin')
# **符号似乎是在使用function的时候定义variable的keyword
# Mosh说和JS的object很像，暂时不是很理解，需要后续补充
# 后续补充
# ** 用来unpack一个dictionary

原理查看[Unpacking Operator](#22- Unpacking Operator)

22- Scope

In Python, we have two types of variables: Local in function scope and Global in file scope.

In Python, unlike languages C# or JS, there is no block-level scope , which means we can definitely use a inside-if-clause variable outside the clause.

Specifically, in C# we always use variable i to start a loop, but the variable can’t be use outside this loop

for (int i = 0, i < 5, i ++)
{
    console.WriteLine(i)
}
int a = i + 1;
Console.WriteLine(a)
// after this loop is finished, the value of i would be 5.
// but outside the loop, we can't use i because it is defined 
// inside of the loop, but in Python, we can

Try this code in Python

for i in range(0, 6):
    print(i)
a = i + 1
print(a)

Be ware, don’t change the value of a global variable in a function, otherwise you will get some side-effect.

Below is a bad practice, don’t do it except you have to.

message = 'a'
def greet():
    global message 
    # used to tell Python that you want to change
    # the global variable inside a function
    message = 'b'
greet()
print(message)

23- Debugging

F9 下断点

F10 下一步

F11 进入函数

24- VSCode Coding Tricks - Windows

几个实用的快捷键：

Home，End：当前行光标控制

ctrl+Home，ctrl+End：全文光标控制

Alt+上下箭头：移动当前选中行

Shift+Alt+上下箭头：选中自动向下当前选中行复制

25- VSCode Coding Tricks - Mac

FUNCTION+左右

FUNCTION+上下

ALT or OPTION +上下

26- Exercise

Fizz Buzz 问题

给你一个整数n. 从 1 到 n 按照下面的规则打印每个数：

• 如果这个数被3整除，打印fizz.
• 如果这个数被5整除，打印buzz.
• 如果这个数能同时被3和5整除，打印fizz buzz.

def fizz_buzz(number):
    if number % 15 == 0:
        return "fizz buzz"
    if number % 3 == 0:
        return "fizz"
    if number % 5 == 0:
        return "buzz"
    return number


print(fizz_buzz(99