How Django processes a request（Django如何处理一个请求）

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django lets you design URLs however you want, with no framework limitations.

How Django processes a request

When a user requests a page from your Django-powered site, this is the algorithm the system follows to determine which Python code to execute:

当用户请求一个由Djang驱动的网站页面时，系统决定执行哪些python代码的规则如下。

• Django determines the root URLconf module to use. Ordinarily, this is the value of the ROOT_URLCONF setting, but if the incoming HttpRequest object has a urlconf attribute (set by middleware), its value will be used in place of the ROOT_URLCONF setting.（Django决定要使用的根URLconf模块，通常情况下是配置中的ROOT_URLCONF参数决定。但是如果传入的请求对象有urlconf属性（一般由中间件设置），那么这个值将替换ROOT_URLCONF设置）

• Django loads that Python module and looks for the variable urlpatterns. This should be a Python list of django.conf.urls.url() instances.（Django 加载完URLconf模块后便查找urlpatterns变量，一串django.conf.urls.url()对象的实例列表）

• Django runs through each URL pattern, in order, and stops at the first one that matches the requested URL.（Django遍历每一个URL模式，然后再匹配到第一个请求的URL时停止）

• Once one of the regexes matches, Django imports and calls the given view, which is a simple Python function (or a class-based view). The view gets passed the following arguments:（当一个正则匹配的时候，Django导入并且调用相应的视图函数，视图获取传入的参数如下）

  • An instance of HttpRequest.（一个HttpRequest的实例）
  • If the matched regular expression returned no named groups, then the matches from the regular expression are provided as positional arguments.（如果匹配到的正则表达式没有命名组，那么参数将按照位置传递）
  • The keyword arguments are made up of any named groups matched by the regular expression, overridden by any arguments specified in the optional kwargs argument to django.conf.urls.url().（关键参数由任何匹配正则的命名组组成，可以被django.conf.urls.url() 中指定的可选性kwargs参数重写）

• If no regex matches, or if an exception is raised during any point in this process, Django invokes an appropriate error-handling view. See Error handling below.（如果匹配失败，或者过程中发生异常，Django将启动一个合理的错误处理视图）

Notes（注意）:

• To capture a value from the URL, just put parenthesis around it.（为了从URL中获取值，只需要一对小括号即可，eg: url(r’^articles/([0-9]{4})/$’, views.year_archive),）

• There’s no need to add a leading slash, because every URL has that. For example, it’s ^articles, not ^/articles.（无需为在URL头部添加斜线，因为默认会有）

• The ‘r’ in front of each regular expression string is optional but recommended. It tells Python that a string is “raw” – that nothing in the string should be escaped. （每个表达式前面的 ‘r’ 是可选但是建议书写的，它告诉Python这个字符串是原始的字符串，不需要任何转义）

Named groups

In Python regular expressions, the syntax for named regular-expression groups is (?Ppattern), where name is the name of the group and pattern is some pattern to match.（在Python表达式中，命名的正则表达式组的语法如(?Ppattern)，name就是组的名称，pattern就是要匹配的模式）

from django.conf.urls import url

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^articles/2003/$', views.special_case_2003),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/(?P<day>[0-9]{2})/$', views.article_detail),
]