ArrayDeque源码分析

愉快地聊一聊ArrayDeque的特点吧~（以下都是基于jdk1.8）

一棵树

ArrayDeque的继承树如下图：

基本特点

（1）双端队列，可从两端添加、删除元素。作为队列使用时，性能优于LinkedList。作为栈使用时，性能优于Stack。

（2）底层使用可变数组Object[] elements， 数组容量按需增长

（3）不能存储null

（4）支持双向迭代器遍历

（5）线程不安全

（6）fail-fast机制。

（7）最小数组容量MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8。Must be a power of 2

（8）默认数组初始容量是16

（9）调用指定初始容量的构造函数，并不会按照指定值分配容量。

（10）先添加，再判断是否需要扩容

源码之旅

这里只取部分源码进行分析：指定初始容量的构造函数、扩容机制，以及主要方法。

好了，先把类中定义的变量熟悉一下：

	 /**
     * The array in which the elements of the deque are stored.
     * The capacity of the deque is the length of this array, which is
     * always a power of two. The array is never allowed to become
     * full, except transiently within an addX method where it is
     * resized (see doubleCapacity) immediately upon becoming full,
     * thus avoiding head and tail wrapping around to equal each
     * other.  We also guarantee that all array cells not holding
     * deque elements are always null.
     */
    transient Object[] elements; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    /**
     * The index of the element at the head of the deque (which is the
     * element that would be removed by remove() or pop()); or an
     * arbitrary number equal to tail if the deque is empty.
     */
    transient int head;

    /**
     * The index at which the next element would be added to the tail
     * of the deque (via addLast(E), add(E), or push(E)).
     */
    transient int tail;

    /**
     * The minimum capacity that we'll use for a newly created deque.
     * Must be a power of 2.
     */
    private static final int MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8;

（1）指定初始容量的构造函数：

找到该构造函数，从此入手：

    /**
     * Constructs an empty array deque with an initial capacity
     * sufficient to hold the specified number of elements.
     *
     * @param numElements  lower bound on initial capacity of the deque
     */
    public ArrayDeque(int numElements) {
        allocateElements(numElements);
    }

再看allocateElements方法：

    /**
     * Allocates empty array to hold the given number of elements.
     *
     * @param numElements  the number of elements to hold
     */
    private void allocateElements(int numElements) {
        int initialCapacity = MIN_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        // Find the best power of two to hold elements.
        // Tests "<=" because arrays aren't kept full.
        if (numElements >= initialCapacity) {
            initialCapacity = numElements;
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  1);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  2);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  4);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>>  8);
            initialCapacity |= (initialCapacity >>> 16);
            initialCapacity++;

            if (initialCapacity < 0)   // Too many elements, must back off
                initialCapacity >>>= 1;// Good luck allocating 2 ^ 30 elements
        }
        elements = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

拿给定元素数量与数组最小容量8做比较，因为此集合不允许数组变满（添加元素的方法中，数组容量一满就立刻扩容），所以当给定元素数量>=数组最小容量8时，会进行一系列的无符号右移运算、或运算，以便找到能够容纳给定元素的最佳的2的幂次方。

这个最佳的2的幂次方就是调用该构造函数后底层为我们分配的数组容量。

（2）扩容机制：

找到扩容的核心方法：

    /**
     * Doubles the capacity of this deque.  Call only when full, i.e.,
     * when head and tail have wrapped around to become equal.
     */
    private void doubleCapacity() {
    	//断言 判断head与tail指针是否相等
        assert head == tail;
        int p = head;
        int n = elements.length;
        int r = n - p; // number of elements to the right of p
        //左移1位，相当于*2操作，只是<<效率要高于*运算。
        int newCapacity = n << 1;
        if (newCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big");
        //扩容，实际上是定义了一个指定容量的数组，将elements数组中的元素复制到新数组a中。
        Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity];
        System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r);
        System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p);
        //重新设置head和tail的指针
        elements = a;
        head = 0;
        tail = n;
    }

（3）主要方法：

添加元素：

    // The main insertion and extraction methods are addFirst,
    // addLast, pollFirst, pollLast. The other methods are defined in
    // terms of these.

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public void addFirst(E e) {
        if (e == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        //此运算可以快速定位到要插入的位置，实际上是从数组最右侧开始插入的，head是递减的
        elements[head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] = e;
        //head与tail重叠时，开始扩容
        if (head == tail)
            doubleCapacity();
    }
    
     /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque.
     *
     * <p>This method is equivalent to {@link #add}.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public void addLast(E e) {
        if (e == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        //tail初始值是0，指向待插入元素的位置，tail是递增的
        elements[tail] = e;
        //先插入元素，再判断是否需要扩容。
        //tail + 1 & (elements.length - 1 )用于定位下一个待插入元素的位置。
        //如果tail与head重叠，数组容量已满，
        if ( (tail = (tail + 1) & (elements.length - 1)) == head)
            doubleCapacity();
    }
     
     /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the front of this deque.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerFirst})
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the end of this deque.
     *
     * @param e the element to add
     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Deque#offerLast})
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
     */
    public boolean offerLast(E e) {
        addLast(e);
        return true;
    }

删除首尾元素：

    public E removeFirst() {
        E x = pollFirst();
        if (x == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return x;
    }
    
    public E removeLast() {
        E x = pollLast();
        if (x == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return x;
    }

    public E pollFirst() {
        int h = head;
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        E result = (E) elements[h];
        // Element is null if deque empty
        if (result == null)
            return null;
        elements[h] = null;     // Must null out slot
        head = (h + 1) & (elements.length - 1);
        return result;
    }

    public E pollLast() {
        int t = (tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1);
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        E result = (E) elements[t];
        if (result == null)
            return null;
        elements[t] = null;
        tail = t;
        return result;
    }

删除指定元素：

	/**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element in this
     * deque (when traversing the deque from head to tail).
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the first element {@code e} such that
     * {@code o.equals(e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if the deque contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
        if (o == null)
            return false;
        int mask = elements.length - 1;
        int i = head;
        Object x;
        while ( (x = elements[i]) != null) {
            if (o.equals(x)) {
                delete(i);
                return true;
            }
            i = (i + 1) & mask;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the last occurrence of the specified element in this
     * deque (when traversing the deque from head to tail).
     * If the deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged.
     * More formally, removes the last element {@code e} such that
     * {@code o.equals(e)} (if such an element exists).
     * Returns {@code true} if this deque contained the specified element
     * (or equivalently, if this deque changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this deque, if present
     * @return {@code true} if the deque contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) {
        if (o == null)
            return false;
        int mask = elements.length - 1;
        int i = (tail - 1) & mask;
        Object x;
        while ( (x = elements[i]) != null) {
            if (o.equals(x)) {
                delete(i);
                return true;
            }
            i = (i - 1) & mask;
        }
        return false;
    }

    private void checkInvariants() {
        assert elements[tail] == null;
        assert head == tail ? elements[head] == null :
            (elements[head] != null &&
             elements[(tail - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] != null);
        assert elements[(head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] == null;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in the elements array,
     * adjusting head and tail as necessary.  This can result in motion of
     * elements backwards or forwards in the array.
     *
     * <p>This method is called delete rather than remove to emphasize
     * that its semantics differ from those of {@link List#remove(int)}.
     *
     * @return true if elements moved backwards
     */
    private boolean delete(int i) {
        checkInvariants();
        final Object[] elements = this.elements;
        final int mask = elements.length - 1;
        final int h = head;
        final int t = tail;
        final int front = (i - h) & mask;
        final int back  = (t - i) & mask;

        // Invariant: head <= i < tail mod circularity
        if (front >= ((t - h) & mask))
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();

        // Optimize for least element motion
        if (front < back) {
            if (h <= i) {
                System.arraycopy(elements, h, elements, h + 1, front);
            } else { // Wrap around
                System.arraycopy(elements, 0, elements, 1, i);
                elements[0] = elements[mask];
                System.arraycopy(elements, h, elements, h + 1, mask - h);
            }
            elements[h] = null;
            head = (h + 1) & mask;
            return false;
        } else {
            if (i < t) { // Copy the null tail as well
                System.arraycopy(elements, i + 1, elements, i, back);
                tail = t - 1;
            } else { // Wrap around
                System.arraycopy(elements, i + 1, elements, i, mask - i);
                elements[mask] = elements[0];
                System.arraycopy(elements, 1, elements, 0, t);
                tail = (t - 1) & mask;
            }
            return true;
        }
    }

暂时先写到这里了~