Java编程思想之成员初始化

1. 牢记：无法阻止自动初始化的进行，它将在构造器被调用之前发生。

`
public class Counter {
      int i;
  Counter() { i = 7; }
} 
分析：i首先会被置为0，然后变成7
`

1. 在类的内部，变量定义的先后顺序决定了初始化的顺序。变量会在任何方法（包括构造器）被调用之前得到初始化。

class Window {
  Window(int marker) { print("Window(" + marker + ")"); }
}

class House {
  Window w1 = new Window(1); // Before constructor
  House() {
    // Show that we're in the constructor:
    print("House()");
    w3 = new Window(33); // Reinitialize w3
  }
  Window w2 = new Window(2); // After constructor
  void f() { print("f()"); }
  Window w3 = new Window(3); // At end
}

public class OrderOfInitialization {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    House h = new House();
    h.f(); // Shows that construction is done
  }
} 

/* Output:
Window(1)
Window(2)
Window(3)
House()
Window(33)
f()
*///:~

1. 无论创建多少个对象，静态数据都只占用一份存储区域。

import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Bowl {
  Bowl(int marker) {
    print("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
  }
  void f1(int marker) {
    print("f1(" + marker + ")");
  }
}

class Table {
  static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);
  Table() {
    print("Table()");
    bowl2.f1(1);
  }
  void f2(int marker) {
    print("f2(" + marker + ")");
  }
  static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}

class Cupboard {
  Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
  static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);
  Cupboard() {
    print("Cupboard()");
    bowl4.f1(2);
  }
  void f3(int marker) {
    print("f3(" + marker + ")");
  }
  static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}

public class StaticInitialization {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
    new Cupboard();
    print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
    new Cupboard();
    table.f2(1);
    cupboard.f3(1);
  }
  static Table table = new Table();
  static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard();
} 
 /* Output:
Bowl(1)
Bowl(2)
Table()
f1(1)
Bowl(4)
Bowl(5)
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
f2(1)
f3(1)
*///:~

分析：1）静态初始化只有在必要时刻才会进行。2）静态对象不会再次被初始化。3）初始化顺序是先静态对象，而后是“非静态”对象。4）构造器实际上也是静态方法

1. 每个类的编译代码都存在于它自己独立文件中。该文件只在需要使用程序代码时才会被加载。一般来说，类的代码在初次使用时才加载。这通常是指加载发生于创建类的第一个对象之时，但是当访问static域或static方法时，也会发生加载。初次使用之处也是static初始化发生之处。所有的static对象和static代码段都会在加载时依程序中的顺序（即，定义类时的书写顺序）而依次初始化，定义为static的东西只会被初始化依次。

class Insect {
  private int i = 9;
  protected int j;
  Insect() {
    print("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
    j = 39;
  }
  private static int x1 =
    printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
  static int printInit(String s) {
    print(s);
    return 47;
  }
}

public class Beetle extends Insect {
  private int k = printInit("Beetle.k initialized");
  public Beetle() {
    print("k = " + k);
    print("j = " + j);
  }
  private static int x2 =
    printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    print("Beetle constructor");
    Beetle b = new Beetle();
  }
} 

/* Output:
static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = 9, j = 0
Beetle.k initialized
k = 47
j = 39
*///:~