HashCode的定义与应用

一、hashCode()定义

    /**
     * Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is
     * supported for the benefit of hash tables such as those provided by
     * {@link java.util.HashMap}.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of {@code hashCode} is:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during
     *     an execution of a Java application, the {@code hashCode} method
     *     must consistently return the same integer, provided no information
     *     used in {@code equals} comparisons on the object is modified.
     *     This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an
     *     application to another execution of the same application.
     * <li>If two objects are equal according to the {@code equals(Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of
     *     the two objects must produce the same integer result.
     * <li>It is <em>not</em> required that if two objects are unequal
     *     according to the {@link java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of the
     *     two objects must produce distinct integer results.  However, the
     *     programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results
     *     for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by
     * class {@code Object} does return distinct integers for distinct
     * objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal
     * address of the object into an integer, but this implementation
     * technique is not required by the
     * Java™ programming language.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     * @see     java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     * @see     java.lang.System#identityHashCode
     */
    public native int hashCode();

中文翻译：

    1、HashCode的存在主要是为了查找的快捷性，HashCode是用来在散列存储结构中确定对象的存储地址的

    2、如果两个对象equals相等，那么这两个对象的HashCode一定也相同

    3、如果对象的equals方法被重写，那么对象的HashCode方法也尽量重写

    4、如果两个对象的HashCode相同，不代表两个对象就相同，只能说明这两个对象在散列存储结构中，存放于同一个位置

二、hash表寻址方式

1. 直接寻址法：取关键字或关键字的某个线性函数值为散列地址。即H(key)=key或H(key) = a•key + b，其中a和b为常数（这种散列函数叫做自身函数）

2. 数字分析法

3. 平方取中法

4. 折叠法

5. 随机数法

6. 除留余数法：取关键字被某个不大于散列表表长m的数p除后所得的余数为散列地址。即 H(key) = key MOD p, p<=m。不仅可以对关键字直接取模，也可在折叠、平方取中等运算之后取模。对p的选择很重要，一般取素数或m，若p选的不好，容易产生同义词。

三、hash表冲突处理方式

1. 开放寻址法：Hi=(H(key) + di) MOD m, i=1,2,…, k(k<=m-1)，其中H(key)为散列函数，m为散列表长，di为增量序列，可有下列三种取法：

　　1. di=1,2,3,…, m-1，称线性探测再散列；

　　2. di=1^2, (-1)^2, 2^2,(-2)^2, (3)^2, …, ±(k)^2,(k<=m/2)称二次探测再散列;

　　3. di=伪随机数序列，称伪随机探测再散列。 ==

2. 再散列法：Hi=RHi(key), i=1,2,…,k RHi均是不同的散列函数，即在同义词产生地址冲突时计算另一个散列函数地址，直到冲突不再发生，这种方法不易产生“聚集”，但增加了计算时间。

3. 链地址法(拉链法)

当存储结构是链表时，多采用拉链法，用拉链法处理冲突的办法是：把具有相同散列地址的关键字(同义词)值放在同一个单链表中，称为同义词链表。有m个散列地址就有m个链表，同时用指针数组T[0..m-1]存放各个链表的头指针，凡是散列地址为i的记录都以结点方式插入到以T[i]为指针的单链表中。T中各分量的初值应为空指针。

四、hashCode应用

HashMap，HashSet。