1、特点:
(1)HashMap是基于Hash表的,因此HashMap是无序的
(2)HashMap的键和值都允许为null
(3)HashMap不是线程安全的
2、先上JAVA的一个简单示例,然后根据例子分析源码
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
HashMap<String,String> hmap=new HashMap<>();
hmap.put("8", "8");
hmap.put("6", "6");
hmap.put("10", "10");
hmap.put("9", "9");
Set<String> keySetStr=hmap.keySet();
Iterator<String> iteKey=keySetStr.iterator();
System.out.print("输出HashMap中的元素为:");
while(iteKey.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(hmap.get(iteKey.next())+" ");
}
System.out.println("");
System.out.println(hmap.containsKey("2"));//false
System.out.println(hmap.containsValue("6"));//true
}
输出结果为:
输出HashMap中的元素为:6 8 9 10
false
true
可见,定义的插入顺序与输出顺序是无关的。接下来根据源码分析过程
3、HashMap执行过程:
(1)定义HashMap。可以看到,执行没有参数的构造方法之后,只将加载因子设为默认加载因子为0.75.
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
(2)调用put方法向HashMap中插入值
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
可以看到,put方法的作用是在map中将Key和Value关联在一起。如果Map中已经包含这个Key所对应的映射,则将值进行替换。调用put方法后,会返回与该Key绑定的上一个Value值。若以往Map中不存在该Key对应的映射,则返回Null。可以看到,put(K key,V value)方法实际上调用的是putVal(hash(key),key,value,false,true)方法,接下来进入该方法。
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;//执行1
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)//判断该key所对应的索引位置是否为null
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);//若为空则直接插入数组中
else {//若不为null,则插入链表或红黑树中
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;//如果key重复,则进行替换
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)//若是红黑树节点,则插入到红黑树中
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);//找到链表中最后一个元素
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);//当元素个数大于8时,将链表转为红黑树
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
可以看到,在初始情况下,由于table==null,会调用resize()方法,也就是代码执行1处。resize()方法如下:
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
threshold = newThr;
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
table = newTab;
if (oldTab != null) {
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
oldTab[j] = null;
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
可以看到,该方法的作用是扩充HashMap的大小。当旧容量为0的时候,会将默认初始容量16作为新容量。否则,新容量就变为原容量的2倍,然后将oldTab中的数据一一插入到newTab中。然后继续看putVal方法(待续)。
(3)调用get方法获取key所对应的值
/**
* Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
* or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
*/
public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V> e;
return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
}
可以看到调用get方法后,就会执行getNode(hash(key),key)方法获取该key所对应的node节点,获取到结点后,就会调用value方法获取对应值。getNode(hash,key)代码如下:
/**
* Implements Map.get and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @return the node, or null if none
*/
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {//获取数组中在该索引位置的元素
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;//若刚好是数组中的元素,则返回该元素
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
if (first instanceof TreeNode)//如果是红黑树
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);//如果不是红黑树,逐个遍历链表找出对应元素并返回
}
}
return null;
}
(4)KeySet方法是怎么执行的?
(5)containsKey方法
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
* specified key.
*
* @param key The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
* key.
*/
public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
return getNode(hash(key), key) != null;
}
该方法同样执行getNode方法,看返回值是否为null。
(6)containsValue方法
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value.
*
* @param value value whose presence in this map is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this map maps one or more keys to the
* specified value
*/
public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; V v;
if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i) {
for (Node<K,V> e = tab[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if ((v = e.value) == value ||
(value != null && value.equals(v)))
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
给该方法逐个遍历数组,再按链表遍历数组每个元素,判断是否具有相同值的,若是则为true,否则则为false.(该方法是否没考虑红黑树?)
(7)总结
在调用put方法向HashMap中添加元素的时候,若初始容量为0,会先将容量扩容为默认初始容量为16,然后当需要的容量查过旧容量*加载因子的时候,会将容量扩大为之前容量的2倍,然后将之前的元素逐个插入到新数组及数组对应的链表或红黑树中。在插入的时候,首先根据key值计算Hash,然后计算出该元素在数组中的索引位置,再判断该位置处是否为Null,若为空,则直接插入,若不为空,则判断是否为红黑树节点,若是,则插入红黑树中,否则插入到链表中,在插入之后,再判断链表长度是否大于8,若大于8,则将链表转为红黑树。
在调用get方法获取对应值的时候,首先获取key对应的hash,然后计算出该hash在数组中的索引位置,获取该位置元素。然后再比较元素的key是否真的相同,若相同则返回该元素。然后逐个对比链表或红黑树中的元素,直到找到对应元素。
欢迎指正!