《C++PrimerPlus》第11章 使用类

11.1 运算符重载

11.2 计算时间：一个运算符重载示例

运算符重载示例（计算时间）

头文件mytime0.h

#ifndef  __MYTIME0__H__
#define __MYTIME0__H__
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Time {
	private:
		int hours;
		int minutes;
	public:
		Time();
		Time(int h, int m = 0);
		void AddMin(int m); // 分钟相加
		void AddHr(int h); // 小时相加
		void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0); // 复位时间
		Time operator+(const Time &t) const; // 求和（运算符重载）
		Time operator-(const Time &t) const; // 减法
		Time operator*(double mult) const; // 乘法
		friend Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t); // 乘法（友元函数）
		friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Time &t); // cout输出（友元函数）
};

#endif

源代码mytime0.cpp

#include "mytime0.h"

Time::Time() {
	hours = minutes = 0;
}

Time::Time(int h, int m) {
	hours = h;
	minutes = m;
}

void Time::AddMin(int m) {
	minutes += m;
	hours += minutes / 60;
	minutes %= 60;
}

void Time::AddHr(int h) {
	hours += h;
}

void Time::Reset(int h, int m) {
	hours = h;
	minutes = m;
}

Time Time::operator+(const Time &t) const{
	Time sum;
	sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;
	sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes / 60;
	sum.minutes %= 60;
	return sum;
}

Time Time::operator-(const Time &t) const {
	Time diff;
	int tot1, tot2;
	tot1 = hours * 60 + minutes;
	tot2 = t.hours * 60 + t.minutes;
	diff.hours = (tot1 - tot2) / 60;
	diff.minutes = (tot1 - tot2) % 60;
	return diff;
}

Time Time::operator*(double mult) const {
	Time result;
	long totalminutes = hours * 60 * mult + minutes * mult;
	result.hours = totalminutes / 60;
	result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;
	return result;
}

Time operator*(double mult, const Time &t) {
	Time result;
	long totalminutes = t.hours * 60 * mult + t.minutes * mult;
	result.hours = totalminutes / 60;
	result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;
	return result;
}

ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Time &t) {
	os << t.hours << " hours, " << t.minutes << " minutes." << endl;
	return os;
}

源代码usetime0.cpp

#include "mytime0.h"

int main() {
	Time coding(4, 35);
	Time fixing(2, 47);
	cout << "coding time = ";
	cout << coding;
	cout << "fixing time = ";
	cout << fixing;

	Time total = coding + fixing; // 运算符+重载（运算符表示法）
	cout << total;
	Time Planning = coding.operator+(fixing); // 运算符+重载（函数表示法）
	cout << Planning;

	Time diff = coding - fixing; // 运算符-重载
	cout << diff;
	Time adjusted = coding * 1.5; // 运算符*重载
	cout << adjusted;

	Time adjusted1 = 1.5 * coding; // 运算符*重载（友元函数）
	cout << adjusted1;

	cout << "************************" << endl;
	cout << coding << fixing << endl; // cout连续输出

	return 0;
}

11.3 友元

11.4 重载运算符：作为成员函数还是非成员函数

11.5 再谈重载：一个矢量类

醉汉漫步问题（走几步可以离原点大于指定的距离）

头文件vector.h

#ifndef __VECTOR__H__
#define __VECTOR__H__
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace VECTOR {
	class Vector {
	public:
		enum Mode{RECT, POL}; // 直角坐标RECT代表0，极坐标POL代表1
	private:
		double x;
		double y;
		double mag; // 极坐标的长度
		double ang; // 极坐标的角度
		Mode mode; // 当前模式
		void set_mag();
		void set_ang();
		void set_x();
		void set_y();
	public:
		Vector(); // 默认构造函数
		Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT); // 构造函数
		void reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form = RECT); // 恢复默认值
		double xval() const { return x; }
		double yval() const { return y; }
		double magval() const { return mag; }
		double angval() const { return ang; }
		void polar_mode(); // 设置成极坐标
		void rect_mode(); // 设置成直角坐标

		Vector operator+(const Vector &b) const; // +运算符重载
		Vector operator-(const Vector &b) const; // -运算符重载
		Vector operator-() const; // -运算符重载（坐标取负值）
		Vector operator*(double n) const; // *运算符重载
		friend Vector operator*(double n, const Vector &a); // *运算符重载（友元函数）
		friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Vector &v); // <<运算符重载
	};
}

#endif

源代码main.cpp

#include "vector.h"
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>

using namespace std;
using namespace VECTOR;

int main() {
	double target; // 目标走多远
	double dstep; // 一步走多远
	Vector result(0.0,0.0); // 使用构造函数创建对象
	double direction; // 方向
	srand(time(NULL)); // 使用系统时间来初始化种子（种子不变则随机数不变）
	Vector step; // 使用默认构造函数
	unsigned long steps = 0; // 记录走了几步

	cout << "Enter target distance(q to quit): ";
	while (cin >> target) {
		cout << "Enter the step length: ";
		if (!(cin >> dstep)) break;
		while (result.magval() < target) {
			direction = rand() % 360; // 0~359度的随机方向
			step.reset(dstep, direction, Vector::POL); // 极坐标
			result = result + step;
			steps++;
		}
		cout << "After " << steps << " step, achieve the target distance." << endl;
		cout << result; // 打印坐标
		result.polar_mode(); // 转换为极坐标
		cout << result;
		cout << endl;
		steps = 0;
		result.reset(0.0, 0.0); // 复位结果
		cout << "Enter target distance(q to quit): ";
	}
	cout << "Bye!" << endl;
	return 0;
}

源代码vector.cpp

#include "vector.h"
#include <cmath>

namespace VECTOR {
	const double Rad_to_deg = 45.0 / atan(1.0);

	void Vector::set_mag() {
		mag = sqrt(x * x + y * y);
	}
	void Vector::set_ang() {
		if (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0) ang = 0.0;
		else ang = atan2(y, x); // 弧度值
	}
	void Vector::set_x() {
		x = mag * cos(ang);
	}
	void Vector::set_y() {
		y = mag * sin(ang);
	}
	Vector::Vector() {
		x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
		mode = RECT;
	}
	Vector::Vector(double n1, double n2, Mode form) {
		mode = form;
		if (form == RECT) {
			x = n1;
			y = n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();
		}
		else if (form == POL) {
			mag = n1;
			ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg; // 传进来的是角度，需要转换为弧度
			set_x();
			set_y();
		}
		else {
			cout << "Error" << endl;
			x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
			mode = RECT;
		}
	}
	void Vector::reset(double n1, double n2, Mode form) {
		mode = form;
		if (form == RECT) {
			x = n1;
			y = n2;
			set_mag();
			set_ang();
		}
		else if (form == POL) {
			mag = n1;
			ang = n2 / Rad_to_deg; // 传进来的是角度，需要转换为弧度
			set_x();
			set_y();
		}
		else {
			cout << "Error" << endl;
			x = y = mag = ang = 0.0;
			mode = RECT;
		}
	}
	void Vector::polar_mode() {
		mode = POL;
	}
	void Vector::rect_mode() {
		mode = RECT;
	}
	Vector Vector::operator+(const Vector &b) const {
		return Vector(x + b.x, y + b.y); // 使用构造函数
	}
	Vector Vector::operator-(const Vector &b) const {
		return Vector(x - b.x, y - b.y);
	}
	Vector Vector::operator-() const {
		return Vector(-x, -y);
	}
	Vector Vector::operator*(double n) const {
		return Vector(n * x, n * y);
	}
	Vector operator*(double n, const Vector &a) {
		return a * n;
	}
	ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Vector &v) {
		if (v.mode == Vector::RECT) {
			os << "x, y = " << v.x << ", " << v.y << endl;
		}
		else if (v.mode == Vector::POL) {
			os << "mag, ang = " << v.mag << ", " << v.ang << endl;
		}
		else {
			os << "Invalid mode." << endl;
		}
		return os;
	}
}

11.6 类的自动转换和强制类型转换

类的类型转换示例（磅和英石的转换）

头文件stonewt.h

#ifndef __STONEWT__H__
#define __STONEWT__H__
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Stonewt {
private:
	enum{Lbs_per_stn = 14}; // 用枚举方式创建常量
	int stone;
	double pds_left;
	double pounds;
public:
	Stonewt(double lbs); // 构造函数1
	Stonewt(double stn, double lbs); // 构造函数2
	Stonewt(); // 默认构造函数
	void Show_lbs() const;
	void Show_stns() const;
	operator double() const; // 转换函数1
	operator int() const; // 转换函数2 
};

#endif

源代码main.cpp

#include "stonewt.h"

using namespace std;

int main() {
	Stonewt incognito = 275; // == Stonewt incognito(275)
	Stonewt wolfe(285.7); // 构造函数1
	Stonewt taft(21, 8); // 构造函数2

	incognito.Show_stns(); 
	wolfe.Show_stns();
	taft.Show_stns();

	cout << "*************************" << endl;
	incognito = 276.8; // 类的自动的类型转换（隐式转换）
	incognito.Show_stns();

	Stonewt poppins(9, 2.8);
	double p_wt = poppins; // 使用转换函数把Stonewt类转换成double值(隐式调用)
	cout << "poppins = " << p_wt << endl;
	int weight = poppins;
	cout << "poppins = " << weight << endl;
	cout << "poppins = " << int(poppins) << endl; // 显式调用
	return 0;
}

源代码stonewt.cpp

#include "stonewt.h"

Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs) {
	stone = (int)lbs / Lbs_per_stn;
	pds_left = (int)lbs % Lbs_per_stn + lbs - (int)lbs;
	pounds = lbs;
}

Stonewt::Stonewt(double stn, double lbs) {
	stone = stn;
	pds_left = lbs;
	pounds = stn * Lbs_per_stn + lbs;
}

Stonewt::Stonewt() {
	stone = pds_left = pounds = 0;
}

void Stonewt::Show_stns() const {
	cout << stone << " stones, " << pds_left << " pounds." << endl;
}

void Stonewt::Show_lbs() const {
	cout << pounds << " pounds." << endl;
}

Stonewt::operator int() const {
	return int (pounds + 0.5); // 四舍五入
}

Stonewt::operator double() const {
	return pounds;
}