SCAU SQL 第一章

1.Database Management System (DBMS)
DBMS contains:
Collection of interrelated data (Database)
Set of programs to access data

2.Three Abstraction Levels of Data

Physical level

• describes how data is actually stored
• Database developers use this level

Logical level

• describes what data are stored in the database, and what relationships exist among those data
• Database administrators and application programmers use this level

View level

• simplifies the interaction with the system. Views can also hide information for security purposes
• Computer users use this level

3.Instances and Schemas
Schema – the logical structure of the database
Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time

Physical schema: describes database design at the physical level
Logical schema: describes database design at the logical level
Subschema: describes views at the view level

4.Data Models
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data

5.Relational Model

6.Entity-Relationship Model

Database Languages: DML & DDL

1.Data Manipulation Language (DML) 数据操纵语言
Language for data retrieval, insertion, deletion, modification

通常有两类基本的数据操纵语言：
过程化DML（procedural DML）要求用户指定需要什么数据以及如何获得这些数据。例如：Relational-Algebra
声明式DML（declarative DML）（也称为非过程化DML）只要求用户指定需要什么数据，而不指明如何获得这些数据。例如：SQL

SQL与Relational Algebra的联系和区别
SQL语句的执行一般是先翻译为关系代数再被执行的（能有效提高执行速度），所以我们有必要了解关系代数与SQL语句间的对应关系。关系代数有五个基础运算符，这五个基础运算符能派生出其他组合运算符。它们分别是：选择（σ， selection）、投影（π，projection）、叉乘（x， cross-product）、差（-, set-difference）和并（υ, union）

2.Data Definition Language (DDL)
目的：for defining the database schema and constraints

Database schema
E.g. USER_OBJECTS, USER_TABLES, USER_VIEWS
Integrity constraints
E.g. USER_CONSTRAINTS

3.Database Design
Requirement Analysis
Conceptual Design
Logical Design
Physical Design