Inferring Motion Direction using Commodity Wi-Fi for Interactive Exergames论文阅读笔记

Inferring Motion Direction using Commodity Wi-Fi for Interactive Exergames
Kun Qian, Chenshu Wu, Zimu Zhou, Yue Zheng, Zheng Yang, Yunhao Liu
CHI 2017, May 06

Contributions

In summary, the main contributions are as follows:

1. • We design a novel algorithm to extract complete information of motion-induced Doppler shifts (both absolute values and signs) leveraging antenna diversity on commodity Wi-Fi devices. As far as we are aware of, it is the first work that obtains accurate arithmetic signs of Doppler shifts on Wi-Fi infrastructure without modification.
   第一个获得了完整多普勒频移大小和方向的工作

2. • We model the relations between Doppler shifts with motion directions, and develop a wireless interactive exergame, i.e., a dance pad with eight types of inputs. It operates via a light-weight yet effective signal processing pipeline to detect, segment and recognize player actions from Doppler shift series without prior training. In addition to interactive exergames, the core techniques in WiDance are applicable in various gesture recognition applications, including, but not limited to, fall detection for the elderly, and gait recognition for user identification.
   建立了多普勒频移和动作方向的模型，不需要训练，仅使用信号处理的方法就实现了分段、识别

3. • We implement WiDance on commodity Wi-Fi devices and validate its effectiveness with various indoor settings. Experimental results demonstrate that WiDance achieves recognition accuracy of 92%. By exploiting complete information of Doppler shifts for motion recognition, WiDance outperforms previous feature-based approaches, which fail to derive the direction of motions.

WIDANCE OVERVIEW

过程设计：

1. 从CSI中提取多普勒效应的信息，包括了降噪，天线选择和时频分析；
2. 根据多普勒的频谱图识别人体动作，包括了发现、切断、识别三个步骤；

DOPPLER EFFECT IN WI-FI

Doppler Effect
说明了多普勒频移和反射路径变化的关系；

Doppler Effect in CSI
说明了H（f，t）和人体运动引起的多径变化的联系

但是因为CFO，所以最终接收到的H‘是在上述的H(f,t)的基础上总体漂移一个相位

Doppler Effect by Multiple Antennas
为了获得准确的相位信息（即多普勒速度的大小和方向），使用了天线之间的共轭乘法，如下：

因为天线间有相同的相位漂移，所以消除了总体的随机相位误差，剩余的部分可分为三类：
Static terms 用高通滤波器滤掉
Target terms ：terms containing Doppler shifts have larger amplitudes
Cross terms ：因为值很小，所以通常可以被高通滤波器滤掉而不产生大的影响

Extraction of Doppler Effect

Antenna Selection

Observation I: CSI with higher amplitude is likely to possess larger static responses.

Observation II: CSI with higher variance is likely to possess larger dynamic responses.

通过这两个观察在target terms中尽量得到准确的信息

Data Sanitization
使用Butterworth bandpass filter 截取40HZ到2HZ的数据。上界根据人体最大运动速度计算得出，下界The lower cutoff frequency is decided by trade-off between fully eliminating interference and loss of low-frequency components of Doppler effect.

Time-frequency analysis

1. perform Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on all CSI subcarriers 并挑选the first principle component that contains major and consistent power variations caused by target motions
2. 对被选出来的组分使用short-term Fourier transform (STFT) ，获得the spectrogram of Doppler frequency shifts
   细节上，使用a Gaussian window with length shorter than 0.15s 和zero padding

MOTION RECOGNITION

1. 借用类似菲涅尔区理论，在椭圆边界上分出径向速度和切向速度，理解了多普勒速度和径向速度的关系，使用两对设备进行检测；
2. 在motion recognition之前要先进行motion detection，判断用户的动静状态其根据就是频谱图的能量分布
3. 分割——WiDance computes the average sum of absolute values of Doppler frequency shifts of the two links, and detects the prominent peaks. Then two adjacent peaks are grouped as the spectrum of one complete action.
4. 动作分类识别：In the first step, WiDance classifies movement directions based on the ratio of accumulative absolute values of Doppler frequency shifts of two links ；In the second step, WiDance further differentiates movement directions in each coarse categories, based on the order of appearances of the positive and negative Doppler frequency shifts in the segment. Specifically, for any link, if the positive Doppler shift firstly appears, the player stretches his leg towards the link. In contrast, if the negative Doppler shift firstly appears, the player stretches his leg away from the link.