Arrays类常用方法

由于之前做算法题的时候，使用java的一些API是屡试不爽，今天刚好有兴趣总结一下：

 Arrays.sort(int [] i)         这里只列举了int类型的数组，当然对于long,char,short,byte,float,double 功能是一样的，只是传递的参数类型不同，内部都是快速排序实现的。

/**
     * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
     * 对特定的数组进行升序排序
     * <p>Implementation note: The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
     * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
     * offers O(n log(n)) performance on many data sets that cause other
     * quicksorts to degrade to quadratic performance, and is typically
     * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
     *
     * @param a the array to be sorted    当调用这个方法之后数组就已经完成了排序
     */
    public static void sort(int[] a) {
        DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length - 1, null, 0, 0);
    }

 Arrays.sort(int[] i, int begin , int end);

/**
     * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending order. The range
     * to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to
     * the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If {@code fromIndex == toIndex},
     * the range to be sorted is empty.
     *
     对特定范围内的数组进行排序，排序方式为升序，下面定义了一些异常等处理
     * <p>Implementation note: The sorting algorithm is a Dual-Pivot Quicksort
     * by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and Joshua Bloch. This algorithm
     * offers O(n log(n)) performance on many data sets that cause other
     * quicksorts to degrade to quadratic performance, and is typically
     * faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations.
     *
     * @param a the array to be sorted
     * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
     * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
     *     if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
     */
    public static void sort(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
        DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, null, 0, 0);
    }

Arrays.parallelSort(byte[] arrray)  和sort一样，其他数据类型同理

 /**
     * Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order.
     * 并行排序，数据量较大的时候适用。这时候性能更高
     * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
     * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
     * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
     * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(byte[]) Arrays.sort}
     * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
     * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
     * Arrays#sort(byte[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a
     * working space no greater than the size of the original array. The
     * {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is used to
     * execute any parallel tasks.
     *
     * @param a the array to be sorted
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static void parallelSort(byte[] a) {
        int n = a.length, p, g;
        if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
            (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
            DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, n - 1);
        else
            new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJByte.Sorter
                (null, a, new byte[n], 0, n, 0,
                 ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
                 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g).invoke();
    }

Arrays.parallelSort(byte[] i , int fromIndex, int toIndex);      特定范围内的排序

 /**
     * Sorts the specified range of the array into ascending numerical order.
     * The range to be sorted extends from the index {@code fromIndex},
     * inclusive, to the index {@code toIndex}, exclusive. If
     * {@code fromIndex == toIndex}, the range to be sorted is empty.
     *
      @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
     * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
     * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
     * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(char[]) Arrays.sort}
     * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
     * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
     * Arrays#sort(char[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a working
     * space no greater than the size of the specified range of the original
     * array. The {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is
     * used to execute any parallel tasks.
     *
     * @param a the array to be sorted
     * @param fromIndex the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
     * @param toIndex the index of the last element, exclusive, to be sorted
     *
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex}
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
     *     if {@code fromIndex < 0} or {@code toIndex > a.length}
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static void parallelSort(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
        int n = toIndex - fromIndex, p, g;
        if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
            (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
            DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, null, 0, 0);
        else
            new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJChar.Sorter
                (null, a, new char[n], fromIndex, n, 0,
                 ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
                 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g).invoke();
    }

下面这两个方法是jdk 1.8之后诞生的方法，利用泛型自定义比较方法进行排序

 /**
     * Sorts the specified array of objects according to the order induced by
     * the specified comparator.  All elements in the array must be
     * <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified comparator (that is,
     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the array).
     *
     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
     *
     * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
     * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
     * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
     * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
     * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
     * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
     * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a
     * working space no greater than the size of the original array. The
     * {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is used to
     * execute any parallel tasks.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
     * @param a the array to be sorted
     * @param cmp the comparator to determine the order of the array.  A
     *        {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
     *        {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
     *         not <i>mutually comparable</i> using the specified comparator
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException (optional) if the comparator is
     *         found to violate the {@link java.util.Comparator} contract
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> void parallelSort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
        if (cmp == null)
            cmp = NaturalOrder.INSTANCE;
        int n = a.length, p, g;
        if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
            (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
            TimSort.sort(a, 0, n, cmp, null, 0, 0);
        else
            new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<T>
                (null, a,
                 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
                 0, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
                 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, cmp).invoke();
    }

    /**
     * Sorts the specified range of the specified array of objects according
     * to the order induced by the specified comparator.  The range to be
     * sorted extends from index {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, to index
     * {@code toIndex}, exclusive.  (If {@code fromIndex==toIndex}, the
     * range to be sorted is empty.)  All elements in the range must be
     * <i>mutually comparable</i> by the specified comparator (that is,
     * {@code c.compare(e1, e2)} must not throw a {@code ClassCastException}
     * for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the range).
     *
     * <p>This sort is guaranteed to be <i>stable</i>:  equal elements will
     * not be reordered as a result of the sort.
     *
     * @implNote The sorting algorithm is a parallel sort-merge that breaks the
     * array into sub-arrays that are themselves sorted and then merged. When
     * the sub-array length reaches a minimum granularity, the sub-array is
     * sorted using the appropriate {@link Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort}
     * method. If the length of the specified array is less than the minimum
     * granularity, then it is sorted using the appropriate {@link
     * Arrays#sort(Object[]) Arrays.sort} method. The algorithm requires a working
     * space no greater than the size of the specified range of the original
     * array. The {@link ForkJoinPool#commonPool() ForkJoin common pool} is
     * used to execute any parallel tasks.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects to be sorted
     * @param a the array to be sorted
     * @param fromIndex the index of the first element (inclusive) to be
     *        sorted
     * @param toIndex the index of the last element (exclusive) to be sorted
     * @param cmp the comparator to determine the order of the array.  A
     *        {@code null} value indicates that the elements'
     *        {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} should be used.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code fromIndex > toIndex} or
     *         (optional) if the natural ordering of the array elements is
     *         found to violate the {@link Comparable} contract
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code fromIndex < 0} or
     *         {@code toIndex > a.length}
     * @throws ClassCastException if the array contains elements that are
     *         not <i>mutually comparable</i> (for example, strings and
     *         integers).
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> void parallelSort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
                                        Comparator<? super T> cmp) {
        rangeCheck(a.length, fromIndex, toIndex);
        if (cmp == null)
            cmp = NaturalOrder.INSTANCE;
        int n = toIndex - fromIndex, p, g;
        if (n <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN ||
            (p = ForkJoinPool.getCommonPoolParallelism()) == 1)
            TimSort.sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex, cmp, null, 0, 0);
        else
            new ArraysParallelSortHelpers.FJObject.Sorter<T>
                (null, a,
                 (T[])Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(), n),
                 fromIndex, n, 0, ((g = n / (p << 2)) <= MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN) ?
                 MIN_ARRAY_SORT_GRAN : g, cmp).invoke();
    }

Arrays.swap(Object[] x, int a, int b);

 /**
     * Swaps x[a] with x[b].
     */
    private static void swap(Object[] x, int a, int b) {
        Object t = x[a];
        x[a] = x[b];
        x[b] = t;
    }

Arrays.parallelPrefix(T[] array, BinaryOperator<T> op);

 /**
     * Cumulates, in parallel, each element of the given array in place,
     * using the supplied function. For example if the array initially
     * holds {@code [2, 1, 0, 3]} and the operation performs addition,
     * then upon return the array holds {@code [2, 3, 3, 6]}.
     * Parallel prefix computation is usually more efficient than
     * sequential loops for large arrays.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
     * @param array the array, which is modified in-place by this method
     * @param op a side-effect-free, associative function to perform the
     * cumulation
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array or function is null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static <T> void parallelPrefix(T[] array, BinaryOperator<T> op) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(op);
        if (array.length > 0)
            new ArrayPrefixHelpers.CumulateTask<>
                    (null, op, array, 0, array.length).invoke();
    }

   

    让数组中的所有元素，并行地使用方法提供的生成器函数来计算每个元素，当数据规模较大时，会有更好    的性能

    Integer[] data = {2, 3, 4, 5};
    // 第一个元素2不变，将其与第二个元素3一起作为参数x, y传入，得到乘积6，作为数组新的第二个元素
    // 再将6和第三个元素4一起作为参数x, y传入，得到乘积24，作为数组新的第三个元素，以此类推
    Arrays.parallelPrefix(data, (x, y) -> x * y);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data)); // [2, 6, 24, 120]
    

Arrays.binarySearch(Object[] array, int fromIndex, int toIndex, Object obj)  使用二分方法查找指定元素的下标的值。

/**
     * Searches the specified array for the specified object using the binary
     * search algorithm. The array must be sorted into ascending order
     * according to the
     * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering}
     * of its elements (as by the
     * {@link #sort(Object[])} method) prior to making this call.
     * If it is not sorted, the results are undefined.
     * (If the array contains elements that are not mutually comparable (for
     * example, strings and integers), it <i>cannot</i> be sorted according
     * to the natural ordering of its elements, hence results are undefined.)
     * If the array contains multiple
     * elements equal to the specified object, there is no guarantee which
     * one will be found.
     *
     * @param a the array to be searched
     * @param key the value to be searched for
     * @return index of the search key, if it is contained in the array;
     *         otherwise, <tt>(-(<i>insertion point</i>) - 1)</tt>.  The
     *         <i>insertion point</i> is defined as the point at which the
     *         key would be inserted into the array: the index of the first
     *         element greater than the key, or <tt>a.length</tt> if all
     *         elements in the array are less than the specified key.  Note
     *         that this guarantees that the return value will be &gt;= 0 if
     *         and only if the key is found.
     * @throws ClassCastException if the search key is not comparable to the
     *         elements of the array.
     */
    public static int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key) {
        return binarySearch0(a, 0, a.length, key);
    }






public class BinarySerchTest {
    public static void main(String[] args){
        int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 1, 2};
        Arrays.sort(arr);
        System.out.println(Arrays.binarySearch(arr,1));
    }
}


//返回值为零，只会返回第一次出现的位置的下标

  Arrays.copyOf(T[] arr, int len); 拷贝指定长度的数组，超多则补null

 /**
     * Copies the specified array, truncating or padding with nulls (if necessary)
     * so the copy has the specified length.  For all indices that are
     * valid in both the original array and the copy, the two arrays will
     * contain identical values.  For any indices that are valid in the
     * copy but not the original, the copy will contain <tt>null</tt>.
     * Such indices will exist if and only if the specified length
     * is greater than that of the original array.
     * The resulting array is of exactly the same class as the original array.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
     * @param original the array to be copied
     * @param newLength the length of the copy to be returned
     * @return a copy of the original array, truncated or padded with nulls
     *     to obtain the specified length
     * @throws NegativeArraySizeException if <tt>newLength</tt> is negative
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null
     * @since 1.6
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> T[] copyOf(T[] original, int newLength) {
        return (T[]) copyOf(original, newLength, original.getClass());
    }

 Arrays.copyOfRange(T[] original, int from, int to);  复制指定区间的数组

/**
     * Copies the specified range of the specified array into a new array.
     * The initial index of the range (<tt>from</tt>) must lie between zero
     * and <tt>original.length</tt>, inclusive.  The value at
     * <tt>original[from]</tt> is placed into the initial element of the copy
     * (unless <tt>from == original.length</tt> or <tt>from == to</tt>).
     * Values from subsequent elements in the original array are placed into
     * subsequent elements in the copy.  The final index of the range
     * (<tt>to</tt>), which must be greater than or equal to <tt>from</tt>,
     * may be greater than <tt>original.length</tt>, in which case
     * <tt>null</tt> is placed in all elements of the copy whose index is
     * greater than or equal to <tt>original.length - from</tt>.  The length
     * of the returned array will be <tt>to - from</tt>.
     * <p>
     * The resulting array is of exactly the same class as the original array.
     *
     * @param <T> the class of the objects in the array
     * @param original the array from which a range is to be copied
     * @param from the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive
     * @param to the final index of the range to be copied, exclusive.
     *     (This index may lie outside the array.)
     * @return a new array containing the specified range from the original array,
     *     truncated or padded with nulls to obtain the required length
     * @throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code from < 0}
     *     or {@code from > original.length}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <tt>from &gt; to</tt>
     * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>original</tt> is null
     * @since 1.6
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> T[] copyOfRange(T[] original, int from, int to) {
        return copyOfRange(original, from, to, (Class<? extends T[]>) original.getClass());
    }

 Arrays.equals(T[] arr1, T[] arr2); 判断两个数组是否相等

  /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if the two specified arrays of Objects are
     * <i>equal</i> to one another.  The two arrays are considered equal if
     * both arrays contain the same number of elements, and all corresponding
     * pairs of elements in the two arrays are equal.  Two objects <tt>e1</tt>
     * and <tt>e2</tt> are considered <i>equal</i> if <tt>(e1==null ? e2==null
     * : e1.equals(e2))</tt>.  In other words, the two arrays are equal if
     * they contain the same elements in the same order.  Also, two array
     * references are considered equal if both are <tt>null</tt>.<p>
     *
     * @param a one array to be tested for equality
     * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the two arrays are equal
     */
    public static boolean equals(Object[] a, Object[] a2) {
        if (a==a2)
            return true;
        if (a==null || a2==null)
            return false;

        int length = a.length;
        if (a2.length != length)
            return false;

        for (int i=0; i<length; i++) {
            Object o1 = a[i];
            Object o2 = a2[i];
            if (!(o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2)))
                return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

 Arrays.deepEquals();判断两个二维数组是否相等

/**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if the two specified arrays are <i>deeply
     * equal</i> to one another.  Unlike the {@link #equals(Object[],Object[])}
     * method, this method is appropriate for use with nested arrays of
     * arbitrary depth.
     *
     * <p>Two array references are considered deeply equal if both
     * are <tt>null</tt>, or if they refer to arrays that contain the same
     * number of elements and all corresponding pairs of elements in the two
     * arrays are deeply equal.
     *
     * <p>Two possibly <tt>null</tt> elements <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> are
     * deeply equal if any of the following conditions hold:
     * <ul>
     *    <li> <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> are both arrays of object reference
     *         types, and <tt>Arrays.deepEquals(e1, e2) would return true</tt>
     *    <li> <tt>e1</tt> and <tt>e2</tt> are arrays of the same primitive
     *         type, and the appropriate overloading of
     *         <tt>Arrays.equals(e1, e2)</tt> would return true.
     *    <li> <tt>e1 == e2</tt>
     *    <li> <tt>e1.equals(e2)</tt> would return true.
     * </ul>
     * Note that this definition permits <tt>null</tt> elements at any depth.
     *
     * <p>If either of the specified arrays contain themselves as elements
     * either directly or indirectly through one or more levels of arrays,
     * the behavior of this method is undefined.
     *
     * @param a1 one array to be tested for equality
     * @param a2 the other array to be tested for equality
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if the two arrays are equal
     * @see #equals(Object[],Object[])
     * @see Objects#deepEquals(Object, Object)
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static boolean deepEquals(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
        if (a1 == a2)
            return true;
        if (a1 == null || a2==null)
            return false;
        int length = a1.length;
        if (a2.length != length)
            return false;

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            Object e1 = a1[i];
            Object e2 = a2[i];

            if (e1 == e2)
                continue;
            if (e1 == null)
                return false;

            // Figure out whether the two elements are equal
            boolean eq = deepEquals0(e1, e2);

            if (!eq)
                return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

其他操作都是目前不常用操作