利用cobbler实现自动化安装

Menimeky

于 2024-01-19 17:32:14 发布

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文章标签：自动化运维 linux

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Menimeky/article/details/135701155

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Cobbler简介

Cobbler是一款Linux生态的自动化运维工具，基于Python2开发，用于自动化批量部署安装操作系
统；其提供基于CLI的管理方式和WEB配置界面，其中WEB配置界面是基于Python2和Django框架开发。另外，cobbler还提供了API，方便二次开发。Cobbler属于C/S模型(客户端/服务器模型)

Cobbler主要用于快速网络安装linux操作系统，支持众多的Linux发行版如：Red Hat、Fedora、CentOS、Debian、Ubuntu和SuSE等，甚至支持windows的安装

Cobbler实质是PXE的二次封装，将多种安装参数封装到一起，并提供统一的管理方法

Cobbler的相关服务

使用Cobbler安装系统需要一台专门提供各种服务的服务器，提供的服务包括(HTTP/FTP/NFS,
TFTP,DHCP),也可以将这几个服务分别部署到不同服务器。事实上在实际应用中，总是将不同的服务分别部署到专门的服务器。

Cobbler是在HTTP、TFTP、DHCP等各种服务的基础上进行相关操作的，实际安装的大体过程类似于基于PXE的网络安装:

客户端(裸机)开机使用网卡引导启动，其请求DHCP分配一个地址后从TFTP服务器获取启动文件,加载到客户端本地内存中运行，并显示出可安装的系统列表；在人为的选定安装的操作系统类
型后,客服端会到HTTP服务器下载相应的系统安装文件并执行自动安装

Cobbler的工作原理

client裸机配置了从网络启动后，开机后会广播包请求DHCP服务器（cobbler server）发送其分配好的一个IP
DHCP服务器（cobbler server）收到请求后发送responese，包括其ip地址
client裸机拿到ip后再向cobbler server发送请求OS引导文件的请求
cobbler server告诉裸机OS引导文件的名字和TFTP server的ip和port
client裸机通过上面告知的TFTP server地址通信，下载引导文件
client裸机执行执行该引导文件，确定加载信息，选择要安装的os，期间会再向cobbler server请求kickstart文件和os image
cobbler server发送请求的kickstart和os iamge
client裸机加载kickstart文件
client裸机接收os image，安装该os image

安装Cobbler及其相关的服务和组件

Cobbler所依赖的服务包括HTTPD,TFTP,DHCP等，如果有web界面要求，还需要安装相关的组件

yum install dhcp cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart 

systemctl enable cobblerd httpd tftp dhcpd

Cobbler配置文件及各目录情况

配置文件

/etc/cobbler/settings  #cobbler 主配置文件 
/etc/cobbler/iso/  #iso模板配置文件
/etc/cobbler/pxe   #pxe模板文件
/etc/cobbler/power  #电源配置文件 
/etc/cobbler/user.conf   #web服务授权配置文件 
/etc/cobbler/users.digest  #web访问的用户名密码配置文件 
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template #dhcp服务器的的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template #dns服务器的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template  #tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf #cobbler模块的配置文件

数据目录

/var/lib/cobbler/config/     #用于存放distros，system，profiles 等信息的配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/triggers/   #用于存放用户定义的cobbler命令
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/  # 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders/     #存放各种引导程序

镜像目录

/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/    #导入的发行版系统的所有数据
/var/www/cobbler/images/       #导入发行版kernel和initrd镜像用于远程网络启动
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror/   #yum 仓库存储目录

日志目录

/var/log/cobbler/installing  #客户端安装日志 
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log #cobbler日志

配置及启动cobblerd服务

检测cobbler的运行环境,并根据提示逐步配置cobbler

cobbler check
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix:

1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work.  This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it.
2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network.
3 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
4 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely.  Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements.
5 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl
6 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories
7 : ksvalidator was not found, install pykickstart
8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one
9 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them

Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.

1.更改/etc/xinetd.d/tftp配置文件

vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp 
    disable = yes --> disable = no 
systemctl restart xinetd

2.联网下载boot引导程序文件 cobbler get-loaders

(目前阿里云安装的版本已经停用get-loaders命令)

3.没有网络情况下拷贝启动文件到TFTP服务文件夹

cp -a /usr/share/syslinux/{pxelinux.0,menu.c32}         /var/lib/tftpboot

4.更改/etc/cobbler/settings配置文件的server项为提供cobblerd服务的主机地址,也就是本机地址

sed -nri 's#server:127.0.0.1#server:172.25.0.220#' /etc/cobbler/settings

更改后的整行内容:

server:172.25.0.220

5.更改/etc/cobbler/settings配置文件的next_server项，指明tftp服务器地址，使得客户端能够找到TFTP服务器

sed -i 's/next_server: 127.0.0.1/next_server: 172.25.0.220/'  /etc/cobbler/settings

更改后的整行内容:

next_server:172.25.0.220

6.配置相应的选项来使用cobbler管理dhcp服务和tftp服务

manage_dhcp：1 
manage_tftpd：1

7.修改安装系统默认密码

default_password_crypted: "$1$RFO.hOYF$g79MJdrxFJMgpggQlhjev/"    

openssl passwd -1
输入密码后把生成的密码替换default_password_crypted值

配置完成后重启 systemctl restart cobblerd

修改DHCP配置

按照需求配置DHCP服务

vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template
subnet 172.25.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
     option routers             172.25.0.2;
     option domain-name-servers 172.25.0.2;
     option subnet-mask         255.255.255.0;
     range dynamic-bootp        172.25.0.221 172.25.0.230;

cobbler sync                       #同步cobbler服务配置文件

systemctl start dhcpd              #启动dhcp服务

配置yum源

#导入系统源文件生成仓库
cobbler import --path=/media/cdrom --name=CentOS7.9-x86_64_mini --arch=x86_64

cobbler profile list
    CentOS7.9_mini-x86_64

#列出当前导入的linux发行版条目
cobbler distro list
    CentOS7.9_mini-x86_64

配置linux

cp ks7_mini.cfg /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/     #ks文件提前准备
  
vim /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ks7_mini.cfg     #修改安装方法url
url --url=$tree                                  
selinux --disabled
firewall --disabled
reboot                                           #安装系统后重启

关联相应的ks文件

cobbler profile edit --name=CentOS7.9_mini-x86_64 --distro=CentOS7.9_mini-x86_64     --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ks7_mini.cfg

启动VMware虚拟机，测试安装

完）

Menimeky

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