《LeetCode之每日一题》:178.外观数列

题目链接： 外观数列

有关题目

给定一个正整数 n ，输出外观数列的第 n 项。

「外观数列」是一个整数序列，从数字 1 开始，序列中的每一项都是对前一项的描述。

你可以将其视作是由递归公式定义的数字字符串序列：

countAndSay(1) = "1"
countAndSay(n) 是对 countAndSay(n-1) 的描述，然后转换成另一个数字字符串。

前五项如下：
1.     1
2.     11
3.     21
4.     1211
5.     111221
第一项是数字 1 
描述前一项，这个数是 1 即 “ 一 个 1 ”，记作 "11"
描述前一项，这个数是 11 即 “ 二 个 1 ” ，记作 "21"
描述前一项，这个数是 21 即 “ 一 个 2 + 一 个 1 ” ，记作 "1211"
描述前一项，这个数是 1211 即 “ 一 个 1 + 一 个 2 + 二 个 1 ” ，记作 "111221"

要 描述 一个数字字符串，首先要将字符串分割为 最小 数量的组，每个组都由连续的最多 相同字符 组成。
然后对于每个组，先描述字符的数量，然后描述字符，形成一个描述组。
要将描述转换为数字字符串，先将每组中的字符数量用数字替换，再将所有描述组连接起来。

示例 1：

输入：n = 1
输出："1"
解释：这是一个基本样例。

示例 2：

输入：n = 4
输出："1211"
解释：
countAndSay(1) = "1"
countAndSay(2) = 读 "1" = 一 个 1 = "11"
countAndSay(3) = 读 "11" = 二 个 1 = "21"
countAndSay(4) = 读 "21" = 一 个 2 + 一 个 1 = "12" + "11" = "1211"

提示：

1 <= n <= 30

题解

法一：模拟
代码一：

class Solution {
public:
    string countAndSay(int n) {
        string ans = "1";

        while(--n)
        {
            string temp = "";
            int cnt = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < ans.size(); i++)
            {
                if (i + 1 < ans.size() && ans[i] == ans[i + 1])
                    cnt++;
                else 
                {
                    temp += to_string(cnt) + ans[i];
                    cnt = 1;
                }
            }
            ans = temp;
        }

        return ans;
    }
};

代码二：
参考官方题解

class Solution {
public:
    string countAndSay(int n) {
        string prev = "1";

        for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++)
        {
            string curr = "";
            int pos = 0, start = 0;
            while(pos < prev.size())
            {
                while(pos < prev.size() && prev[pos] == prev[start])
                    pos++;
                
                curr += to_string(pos - start) + prev[start];
                start = pos;
            }
            prev = curr;
        }

        return prev;
    }
};

代码三：
参考官方题解评论区下shira_yuki
Tips

std::adjacent_find(First, Last, p)
作用
	在P的条件下,从[First, Last)范围内寻找首个满足p的元素
	
std::exchange(obj, new_value)
以 new_value 替换 obj 的值，并返回 obj 的旧值。

class Solution {
public:
    string countAndSay(int n) {
        string ans = "1", temp = "";

        for (; --n; ans = exchange(temp, ""))
            for (auto i = begin(ans), e = end(ans); i != e; )
            {
                auto j = adjacent_find(i, e, not_equal_to{});
                auto t = exchange(i, (j == e ? j : next(j)));
                temp += to_string(i - t) + *t;
            }

            return ans;
    }
};

时间复杂度：O(n * m), m 为生成的字符串中的最大长度
空间复杂度：O(m)，m 为生成的字符串中的最大长度

法二：打表
参考官方题解

class Solution {
public:
    string countAndSay(int n) {
        vector<string> arr = 
        {
            "","1","11","21","1211","111221","312211","13112221","1113213211","31131211131221","13211311123113112211","11131221133112132113212221","3113112221232112111312211312113211","1321132132111213122112311311222113111221131221","11131221131211131231121113112221121321132132211331222113112211","311311222113111231131112132112311321322112111312211312111322212311322113212221","132113213221133112132113311211131221121321131211132221123113112221131112311332111213211322211312113211","11131221131211132221232112111312212321123113112221121113122113111231133221121321132132211331121321231231121113122113322113111221131221","31131122211311123113321112131221123113112211121312211213211321322112311311222113311213212322211211131221131211132221232112111312111213111213211231131122212322211331222113112211","1321132132211331121321231231121113112221121321132122311211131122211211131221131211132221121321132132212321121113121112133221123113112221131112311332111213122112311311123112111331121113122112132113213211121332212311322113212221","11131221131211132221232112111312111213111213211231132132211211131221131211221321123113213221123113112221131112311332211211131221131211132211121312211231131112311211232221121321132132211331121321231231121113112221121321133112132112312321123113112221121113122113121113123112112322111213211322211312113211","311311222113111231133211121312211231131112311211133112111312211213211312111322211231131122211311122122111312211213211312111322211213211321322113311213212322211231131122211311123113223112111311222112132113311213211221121332211211131221131211132221232112111312111213111213211231132132211211131221232112111312211213111213122112132113213221123113112221131112311311121321122112132231121113122113322113111221131221","132113213221133112132123123112111311222112132113311213211231232112311311222112111312211311123113322112132113213221133122112231131122211211131221131112311332211211131221131211132221232112111312111213322112132113213221133112132113221321123113213221121113122123211211131221222112112322211231131122211311123113321112131221123113111231121113311211131221121321131211132221123113112211121312211231131122211211133112111311222112111312211312111322211213211321322113311213211331121113122122211211132213211231131122212322211331222113112211","111312211312111322212321121113121112131112132112311321322112111312212321121113122112131112131221121321132132211231131122211331121321232221121113122113121113222123112221221321132132211231131122211331121321232221123113112221131112311332111213122112311311123112112322211211131221131211132221232112111312211322111312211213211312111322211231131122111213122112311311221132211221121332211213211321322113311213212312311211131122211213211331121321123123211231131122211211131221131112311332211213211321223112111311222112132113213221123123211231132132211231131122211311123113322112111312211312111322212321121113122123211231131122113221123113221113122112132113213211121332212311322113212221","3113112221131112311332111213122112311311123112111331121113122112132113121113222112311311221112131221123113112221121113311211131122211211131221131211132221121321132132212321121113121112133221123113112221131112311332111213213211221113122113121113222112132113213221232112111312111213322112132113213221133112132123123112111311222112132113311213211221121332211231131122211311123113321112131221123113112221132231131122211211131221131112311332211213211321223112111311222112132113212221132221222112112322211211131221131211132221232112111312111213111213211231132132211211131221232112111312211213111213122112132113213221123113112221133112132123222112111312211312112213211231132132211211131221131211132221121311121312211213211312111322211213211321322113311213212322211231131122211311123113321112131221123113112211121312211213211321222113222112132113223113112221121113122113121113123112112322111213211322211312113211","1321132132211331121321231231121113112221121321133112132112312321123113112221121113122113111231133221121321132122311211131122211213211321322112312321123113213221123113112221131112311332211211131221131211132211121312211231131112311211232221121321132132211331121321231231121113121113122122311311222113111231133221121113122113121113221112131221123113111231121123222112111312211312111322212321121113121112131112132112311321322112111312212321121113122122211211232221121321132132211331121321231231121113112221121321132132211322132113213221123113112221133112132123222112111312211312112213211231132132211211131221131211322113321132211221121332211231131122211311123113321112131221123113111231121113311211131221121321131211132221123113112211121312211231131122211211133112111311222112111312211312111322211213211321322123211211131211121332211231131122211311122122111312211213211312111322211231131122211311123113322112111331121113112221121113122113111231133221121113122113121113222123211211131211121332211213211321322113311213212312311211131122211213211321223112111311222112111312211312113221133221121113122113221321132132211231131122211311123113111213211221121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        };
        return arr[n];        
    }
};