C++文件读写

1 通过fstream形式

1.1 步骤

整体的步骤大概有以下:

• 包含头文件<fstream>
• 创建对象
• 打开文件
• 读写文件
• 关闭文件

1.1.1 打开文件的选项

• ios::in               读文件
• ios::out             写文件
• ios::ate             文件尾
• ios::app            追加方式打开文件
• ios::trunc          如果文件存在,先删除再创建
• ios::binary        二进制

各种方式的组合使用或( | )操作符

1.1.2 ofstream示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <fstream>                                 //1.include head file
using namespace std;                               //it's necessary

int main () {
    ofstream writeFile;                            //2.get file instance
    writeFile.open("testFile.txt", ios::out);      //3.open the file in mode xxx
    writeFile << "hello world" << endl;            //4.write sth in the file
    writeFile.close();                             //5.close the file
    return 0;
}

1.1.3 ifstream示例

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>                                 //1.include head file
using namespace std;                               //it's necessary

int main () {
    ifstream readFile;                             //2.get file instance
    readFile.open("testFile.txt", ios::in);        //3.open the file in mode xxx & judge the open result
    if (!readFile.is_open()) {
        cout << "open error" << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    char dataBuf[1024] = { 0 };                    //4.create a data buffer & read the data from the file
    int dataBufSize = sizeof(dataBuf) / sizeof(dataBuf[0]);
    readFileData(readFile, dataBuf, dataBufSize);
    cout << dataBuf;
    readFile.close();                              //5.close the file
    return 0;
}

读文件有四种方式,  所以写成了一个readFileData函数.

以下为读取方法:

1. 一次读一个单词, 单词结束标志是空格或者换行

void readFileData (ifstream &file, char* dataBuffer, int dataBufferSize) {
    while (file >> dataBuffer) {
        cout << dataBuffer << endl;
    }
}

2. 一次读一行, 读到换行标志为止

void readFileData (ifstream &file, char* dataBuffer, int dataBufferSize) {
    while (file.getline(dataBuffer, dataBufferSize)) {
        cout << dataBuffer <<endl;
    }
}

3. string法

#include <string>

void readFileData (ifstream &file, char* dataBuffer, int dataBufferSize) {
    string strBuffer;
    while (getline(file, strBuffer)) {
        cout << strBuffer <<endl;
    }
}

4. 一个字符一个字符读法

void readFileData (ifstream &file, char* dataBuffer, int dataBufferSize) {
    char ch;
    while ((ch = file.get()) != EOF) {
        cout << ch;
    }
}

1.1.3 二进制文件读写

• 写

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>                                 //1.include head file
using namespace std;                               //it's necessary

class People {
public:
    char m_name;
    int m_age;
};

int main () {
    ofstream binaryWriteFile;                      //2.get file instance
    binaryWriteFile.open("binaryTestFile.bin",
        ios::write | ios::binary);                 //3.open the file in mode ios::write | ios::binary
    People p;
    p.m_age = 18;
    p.m_name = 'B';
    binaryWriteFile.write((const char *)&p,        //4.write the data to the binary file, there are two
        sizeof(People));                           //params, data address(need to be transformed to 
                                                   //const char *) & the data size.
    binaryWriteFile.close();                       //5.close the file
    return 0;
}

• 读

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>                                 //1.include head file
using namespace std;                               //it's necessary

class People {
public:
    char m_name;
    int m_age;
};

int main () {
    ifstream binaryReadFile;                      //2.get file instance
    binaryReadFile.open("binaryTestFile.bin",
        ios::in | ios::binary);                   //3.open the file in mode ios::in | ios::binary
    if (!binaryReadFile.is_open()) {
        cout << "open error" << endl;
        return 0;
    }
    People p;
    binaryReadFile.read((char *)&p,               //4.read the data from the binary file, there are two
        sizeof(People));                          //params, data address(need to be transformed to char *)
                                                  //& the data size.
    cout << "name: " << p.m_name << endl;
    cout << "age: " << p.m_age << endl;
    binaryReadFile.close();                       //5.close the file
    return 0;
}

读的运行结果:

2 针对目录的操作

在头文件<sys/types.h>以及<dirent.h>中.

2.1 opendir

如果要想对于目录进行相关操作, 需要目录路径的字符串, 比如是"data/files", 就可以如下操作:

DIR * dir = opendir("data/files");

DIR结构体的定义为:

struct __dirstream   
   {   
    void *__fd;    
    char *__data;    
    int __entry_data;    
    char *__ptr;    
    int __entry_ptr;    
    size_t __allocation;    
    size_t __size;    
    __libc_lock_define (, __lock)    
   };   
  
typedef struct __dirstream DIR;  

返回的DIR型结构体的指针dir可以直接用于如下函数进行后续操作:

struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dp);   
  
void rewinddir(DIR *dp);   
  
int closedir(DIR *dp);   
  
long telldir(DIR *dp);   
  
void seekdir(DIR *dp,long loc);  

2.2 dirent结构体

前文中, 在通过opendir获取到了DIR结构体指针的dir之后, 通过以下方式获取到目录的详细信息, 也就是dirent结构体类型的指针:

pDirent = readdir(dir);

dirent结构体的结构为:

struct dirent   
{   
　　long d_ino; /* inode number 索引节点号 */  
　　   
    off_t d_off; /* offset to this dirent 在目录文件中的偏移 */  
　　   
    unsigned short d_reclen; /* length of this d_name 文件名长 */  
　　   
    unsigned char d_type; /* the type of d_name 文件类型 */  
　　   
    char d_name [NAME_MAX+1]; /* file name (null-terminated) 文件名，最长255字符 */  
}  

需要注意的是, 这里的pDirent代表的是第一个文件, 操作完之后如果再用pDirent去接收readdir(dir)的结果就是第二个文件了, 所以可以用迭代的方式遍历目录下的所有文件的文件名.