JavaWeb(二)_import jakarta.imageio.imageio;-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Monuomeng/article/details/123798514

JavaWeb

文章目录

JavaWeb
- 二.Servlet

二.Servlet

1.Servlet简介

Servlet就是Sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
Sun在这写API中提供了一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤.

编写一个类,实现Servlet接口
把开发好的Java类部署到web服务器中
把开发好Servlet接口的Java程序叫做:Servlet

2.HelloServlet

Servlet接口Sun公司有来给个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet
1.构建一个普通的maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面创建module(模块)

2.关于Maven父子工程的理解:

父项目中会有一个modules

<modules>
    <module>servlet_01</module>
</modules>

子项目中会有parent

<parent>
  <artifactId>javaweb_servlet</artifactId>
  <groupId>org.example</groupId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>

3.Maven环境优化

修改web.xml为最新的
将maven的结构搭建完整

4.编写一个servlet

编写一个普通类
实现Servlet接口,直接继承HttpServlet

5.编写servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的都是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/web-app_5_0.xsd"
         version="5.0">
<!--    注册Servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.mnm.servlet.Servlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
<!--    Servlet的请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

6.配置Tomcat
7.运行测试

3.Servlet原理

servlet是由web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后会:

在这里插入图片描述

4.Mapping

一个Servlet指定一个映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

一个Servlet指定多个映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

默认请求路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

指定一些后缀或者前缀等…(*前不能加映射的路径)

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>*.mnm</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

优先级问题:

指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.mnm.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Error</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(name = "ErrorServlet", value = "/ErrorServlet")
public class ErrorServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html");
        PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
        writer.print("404异常!!");
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

5.ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象.它代表了当前的web应用

共享数据

我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个Servlet中拿到

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(name = "HelloServlet", value = "/HelloServlet")
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("进入doGet方法");
        //this.getInitParameter()  初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig()  Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String username="莫诺蒙";
        servletContext.setAttribute("username",username);//将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为username值为username的值
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(name = "GetServlet", value = "/GetServlet")
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf8");
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        Object username = servletContext.getAttribute("username");
        PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
        writer.println("GetServlet:"+username);
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

测试访问:
在这里插入图片描述

获取初始化参数

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/web-app_5_0.xsd"
         version="5.0">
    
<!-- 配置一些web应用初始化参数 -->
    <context-param>
        <param-name>url</param-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
    </context-param>
</web-app>

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(name = "ServletDemo3", value = "/ServletDemo3")
public class ServletDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf8");
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        String url = servletContext.getInitParameter("url");
        response.getWriter().println(url);
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

测试结果:
在这里插入图片描述

请求转发

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;

@WebServlet(name = "ServletDemo4", value = "/ServletDemo4")
public class ServletDemo4 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf8");
        ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
        //RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/HelloServlet");//转发的请求路径
        //requestDispatcher.forward(request,response);//调用forword实现请求转发
        servletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/ServletDemo3").forward(request,response);//合并成一条语句
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

结果:
在这里插入图片描述
为什么地址栏没有变却输出了ServletDemo3中的数据呢?

读取资源文件

Properties

在Java目录下新建properties
在resources目录下新建properties
发现都被打包到了同一路径之下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpash

思路:需要一个文件流

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Properties;

@WebServlet(name = "ServletDemo5", value = "/ServletDemo5")
public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream resourceAsStream = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.load(resourceAsStream);
        String username = properties.getProperty("username");
        String password = properties.getProperty("password");
        response.getWriter().println(username);
        response.getWriter().println(password);
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

db.properties文件

username=root
password=root

结果:
在这里插入图片描述

6.HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端http的请求,会针对这个请求分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;

如果我们要获取客户端请求过来的参数,找HttpServletRequest
如果我们要给客户端响应一些信息找:HttpServletResponse

简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法:

ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

响应的状态码:

int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 41
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

下载文件

向浏览器输出消息(如getWriter…)

下载文件:

要获取下载文件的路径
下载的文件名是啥
设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们需要的东西
获取下载文件的输入流
创建缓冲区
获取OutputStream对象
将fileOutputStream写入到缓冲区
使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;

@WebServlet(name = "FileServlet", value = "/FileServlet")
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //要获取下载文件的路径
        String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/图片.jpg");
        //下载的文件名是啥
        String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
        //设置想办法让浏览器能够支持我们需要的东西
        response.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
        //获取下载文件的输入流
        FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //创建缓冲区
        int len=0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        //获取输出流OutputStream对象
        ServletOutputStream outputStream = response.getOutputStream();
        //将fileOutputStream写入到缓冲区
        //使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
        while ((len=fileInputStream.read(buffer))>0){
            outputStream.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        fileInputStream.close();
        outputStream.close();
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

测试结果:
在这里插入图片描述

验证码功能

验证怎么来的

前端实现
后端实现,需要用到java的图片类,产生一个图片

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;

@WebServlet(name = "ImageServlet", value = "/ImageServlet")
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //如何让浏览器五秒刷新一次
        response.setHeader("refresh","3");
        //在内存中创建图片
        BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) bufferedImage.getGraphics();//笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE);
        graphics.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
        //给图片写数据
        graphics.setColor(Color.blue);
        graphics.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        graphics.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
        response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
        response.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
        response.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
        response.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
        //把图片写给浏览器
        boolean write = ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", response.getOutputStream());
    }
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999)+"";
        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {
            stringBuffer.append("0");
        }
        num = stringBuffer.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }
}

测试结果:
在这里插入图片描述

实现重定向

在这里插入图片描述
实现场景:

用户登录

void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet(name = "RedirectServlet", value = "/RedirectServlet")
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        /*
        重定向的实现原理
        response.setHeader("Location","/sd/ImageServlet");
        response.setStatus(302);
        */
        response.sendRedirect("/sd/ImageServlet");
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {

    }
}

面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:

页面都会跳转

不同点:

转发URL地址栏不会改变
重定向会改变URL地址栏

实例:

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

@WebServlet(name = "RequestTest", value = "/RequestTest")
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //处理请求
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        String password = request.getParameter("password");
//        PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
//        writer.println("username:"+username);
//        writer.println("password:"+password);
        //重定向时候,一定要注意路径,否则404
        response.sendRedirect("/sd/success.jsp");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
}

index.jsp页面

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
  <head>
    <%@ page pageEncoding="utf-8"%>
    <title>$Title$</title>
  </head>
<%--  这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径
${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前项目路径--%>
  <body>
    <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/RequestTest" method="get">
      用户名:<input type="text" name="username">
      密  码:<input type="password" name="password">
      <input type="submit">
    </form>
  </body>
</html>

success.jsp页面

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Success页面</h1>
  </body>
</html>

测试结果:
在这里插入图片描述

7.HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过HTTP协议访问服务器,HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个方法,获得客户端的所有信息

在这里插入图片描述

获取前端传递的参数,请求转发页面

import jakarta.servlet.*;
import jakarta.servlet.http.*;
import jakarta.servlet.annotation.*;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;

@WebServlet(name = "LoginServlet", value = "/LoginServlet")
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String username = request.getParameter("username");
        String password = request.getParameter("password");
        String[] hobbys = request.getParameterValues("hobbys");
        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
        //response.sendRedirect("/re/success.jsp");
        request.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(request,response);
    }
}

index.jsp文件

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>登录</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>登录</h1>
  <div style="text-align: center">
    <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/LoginServlet" method="post">
      用户名: <input type="text" name="username"><br>
      密  码: <input type="password" name="password"><br>
      爱好:
      <input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="唱歌">唱歌
      <input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="打球">打球
      <input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="看电影">看电影
      <input type="checkbox" name="hobbys" value="写代码">写代码<br>
      <input type="submit">
    </form>
  </div>
  </body>
</html>