支持向量机SVM

最新推荐文章于 2023-06-26 23:51:24 发布

Mr_marsa

最新推荐文章于 2023-06-26 23:51:24 发布

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文章标签：支持向量机机器学习人工智能

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Mr_marsa/article/details/122298991

版权

本文详细介绍了使用Python实现支持向量机（SVM）的基本流程，包括数据预处理、SVM原理、SMO算法的应用、核函数选择（如径向基函数）、以及在手写数字识别中的实际案例。通过讲解SVM的参数调优和核函数的作用，帮助读者理解其在复杂数据处理中的优势与局限。

摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

参考教材：机器学习实战（人民邮电出版社）Peter Harrington【美】著

语言：python

软件：VS code

支持向量机

优点：泛化错误率低，计算开销不大，结果容易解释。
缺点：对参数调节和核函数的选择敏感，原始分类器不加修改仅适用于处理二类问题。
适用数据类型：数值型和标称型数据。

SVM的一般流程

收集数据：可以使用任意方法。
准备数据：需要数值型数据。
分析数据：有助于可视化分隔超平面。
训练算法：SVM的大部分时间都源自训练，该过程主要实现两个参数的调优。
测试算法：十分简单的计算过程就可以实现。
使用算法：几乎所有分类问题都可以使用SVM，值得一提的是，SVM本身是一个二类分类器，对多类问题应用SVM需要对代码做一些修改。

SMO高效优化算法

应用简化版SMO算法处理小规模数据集

SMO算法中的辅助函数：

def loadDataSet(fileName):
    dataMat = []; labelMat = []
    fr = open(fileName)
    for line in fr.readlines():
        lineArr = line.strip().split('\t')
        dataMat.append([float(lineArr[0]), float(lineArr[1])])
        labelMat.append(float(lineArr[2]))
    return dataMat,labelMat

def selectJrand(i,m):
    j=i #we want to select any J not equal to i
    while (j==i):
        j = int(random.uniform(0,m))
    return j

def clipAlpha(aj,H,L):
    if aj > H: 
        aj = H
    if L > aj:
        aj = L
    return aj

测试代码

可以看到这里采用的类别标签是-1和1而不是0和1

该SMO函数的伪代码大致如下：
创建一个alpha向量并将其初始化为0向量
当迭代次数小于最大迭代次数时（外循环）
对数据集中的每个数据向量（内循环）：
如果该数据向量可以被优化：
随机选择另外一个数据向量
同时优化这两个向量
如果两个向量都不能被优化，退出内循环
如果所有的向量都没被优化，增加迭代数目，继续下一次循环

简化版SMO算法：

def smoSimple(dataMatIn, classLabels, C, toler, maxIter):
    dataMatrix = numpy.mat(dataMatIn); labelMat = numpy.mat(classLabels).transpose()
    b = 0; m,n = shape(dataMatrix)
    alphas = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((m,1)))
    iter = 0
    while (iter < maxIter):
        alphaPairsChanged = 0
        for i in range(m):
            fXi = float(numpy.multiply(alphas,labelMat).T*(dataMatrix*dataMatrix[i,:].T)) + b
            Ei = fXi - float(labelMat[i])#if checks if an example violates KKT conditions
            if ((labelMat[i]*Ei < -toler) and (alphas[i] < C)) or ((labelMat[i]*Ei > toler) and (alphas[i] > 0)):
                j = selectJrand(i,m)
                fXj = float(numpy.multiply(alphas,labelMat).T*(dataMatrix*dataMatrix[j,:].T)) + b
                Ej = fXj - float(labelMat[j])
                alphaIold = alphas[i].copy(); alphaJold = alphas[j].copy();
                if (labelMat[i] != labelMat[j]):
                    L = max(0, alphas[j] - alphas[i])
                    H = min(C, C + alphas[j] - alphas[i])
                else:
                    L = max(0, alphas[j] + alphas[i] - C)
                    H = min(C, alphas[j] + alphas[i])
                if L==H: print ("L==H"); continue
                eta = 2.0 * dataMatrix[i,:]*dataMatrix[j,:].T - dataMatrix[i,:]*dataMatrix[i,:].T - dataMatrix[j,:]*dataMatrix[j,:].T
                if eta >= 0: print ("eta>=0"); continue
                alphas[j] -= labelMat[j]*(Ei - Ej)/eta
                alphas[j] = clipAlpha(alphas[j],H,L)
                if (abs(alphas[j] - alphaJold) < 0.00001): print ("j not moving enough"); continue
                alphas[i] += labelMat[j]*labelMat[i]*(alphaJold - alphas[j])#update i by the same amount as j
                                                                        #the update is in the oppostie direction
                b1 = b - Ei- labelMat[i]*(alphas[i]-alphaIold)*dataMatrix[i,:]*dataMatrix[i,:].T - labelMat[j]*(alphas[j]-alphaJold)*dataMatrix[i,:]*dataMatrix[j,:].T
                b2 = b - Ej- labelMat[i]*(alphas[i]-alphaIold)*dataMatrix[i,:]*dataMatrix[j,:].T - labelMat[j]*(alphas[j]-alphaJold)*dataMatrix[j,:]*dataMatrix[j,:].T
                if (0 < alphas[i]) and (C > alphas[i]): b = b1
                elif (0 < alphas[j]) and (C > alphas[j]): b = b2
                else: b = (b1 + b2)/2.0
                alphaPairsChanged += 1
                print ("iter: %d i:%d, pairs changed %d" % (iter,i,alphaPairsChanged))
        if (alphaPairsChanged == 0): iter += 1
        else: iter = 0
        print ("iteration number: %d" % iter)
    return b,alphas

测试代码：

得到支持向量的个数：

为了解哪些数据点是支持向量：

利用完整Platt SMO算法加速优化

完整版Platt SMO的支持函数：

class optStruct:
    def __init__(self,dataMatIn, classLabels, C, toler, kTup):  # Initialize the structure with the parameters 
        self.X = dataMatIn
        self.labelMat = classLabels
        self.C = C
        self.tol = toler
        self.m = shape(dataMatIn)[0]
        self.alphas = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,1)))
        self.b = 0
        self.eCache = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,2))) #first column is valid flag
        self.K = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,self.m)))
        for i in range(self.m):
            self.K[:,i] = kernelTrans(self.X, self.X[i,:], kTup)
        
def calcEk(oS, k):
    fXk = float(numpy.multiply(oS.alphas,oS.labelMat).T*oS.K[:,k] + oS.b)
    Ek = fXk - float(oS.labelMat[k])
    return Ek
        
def selectJ(i, oS, Ei):         #this is the second choice -heurstic, and calcs Ej
    maxK = -1; maxDeltaE = 0; Ej = 0
    oS.eCache[i] = [1,Ei]  #set valid #choose the alpha that gives the maximum delta E
    validEcacheList = nonzero(oS.eCache[:,0].A)[0]
    if (len(validEcacheList)) > 1:
        for k in validEcacheList:   #loop through valid Ecache values and find the one that maximizes delta E
            if k == i: continue #don't calc for i, waste of time
            Ek = calcEk(oS, k)
            deltaE = abs(Ei - Ek)
            if (deltaE > maxDeltaE):
                maxK = k; maxDeltaE = deltaE; Ej = Ek
        return maxK, Ej
    else:   #in this case (first time around) we don't have any valid eCache values
        j = selectJrand(i, oS.m)
        Ej = calcEk(oS, j)
    return j, Ej

def updateEk(oS, k):#after any alpha has changed update the new value in the cache
    Ek = calcEk(oS, k)
    oS.eCache[k] = [1,Ek]

完整Platt SMO算法中的优化过程：

def innerL(i, oS):
    Ei = calcEk(oS, i)
    if ((oS.labelMat[i]*Ei < -oS.tol) and (oS.alphas[i] < oS.C)) or ((oS.labelMat[i]*Ei > oS.tol) and (oS.alphas[i] > 0)):
        j,Ej = selectJ(i, oS, Ei) #this has been changed from selectJrand
        alphaIold = oS.alphas[i].copy(); alphaJold = oS.alphas[j].copy();
        if (oS.labelMat[i] != oS.labelMat[j]):
            L = max(0, oS.alphas[j] - oS.alphas[i])
            H = min(oS.C, oS.C + oS.alphas[j] - oS.alphas[i])
        else:
            L = max(0, oS.alphas[j] + oS.alphas[i] - oS.C)
            H = min(oS.C, oS.alphas[j] + oS.alphas[i])
        if L==H: print ("L==H"); return 0
        eta = 2.0 * oS.K[i,j] - oS.K[i,i] - oS.K[j,j] #changed for kernel
        if eta >= 0: print ("eta>=0"); return 0
        oS.alphas[j] -= oS.labelMat[j]*(Ei - Ej)/eta
        oS.alphas[j] = clipAlpha(oS.alphas[j],H,L)
        updateEk(oS, j) #added this for the Ecache
        if (abs(oS.alphas[j] - alphaJold) < 0.00001): print ("j not moving enough"); return 0
        oS.alphas[i] += oS.labelMat[j]*oS.labelMat[i]*(alphaJold - oS.alphas[j])#update i by the same amount as j
        updateEk(oS, i) #added this for the Ecache                    #the update is in the oppostie direction
        b1 = oS.b - Ei- oS.labelMat[i]*(oS.alphas[i]-alphaIold)*oS.K[i,i] - oS.labelMat[j]*(oS.alphas[j]-alphaJold)*oS.K[i,j]
        b2 = oS.b - Ej- oS.labelMat[i]*(oS.alphas[i]-alphaIold)*oS.K[i,j]- oS.labelMat[j]*(oS.alphas[j]-alphaJold)*oS.K[j,j]
        if (0 < oS.alphas[i]) and (oS.C > oS.alphas[i]): oS.b = b1
        elif (0 < oS.alphas[j]) and (oS.C > oS.alphas[j]): oS.b = b2
        else: oS.b = (b1 + b2)/2.0
        return 1
    else: return 0

完整版Platt SMO的外循环代码：

def smoP(dataMatIn, classLabels, C, toler, maxIter,kTup=('lin', 0)):    #full Platt SMO
    oS = optStruct(numpy.mat(dataMatIn),numpy.mat(classLabels).transpose(),C,toler, kTup)
    iter = 0
    entireSet = True; alphaPairsChanged = 0
    while (iter < maxIter) and ((alphaPairsChanged > 0) or (entireSet)):
        alphaPairsChanged = 0
        if entireSet:   #go over all
            for i in range(oS.m):        
                alphaPairsChanged += innerL(i,oS)
                print ("fullSet, iter: %d i:%d, pairs changed %d" % (iter,i,alphaPairsChanged))
            iter += 1
        else:#go over non-bound (railed) alphas
            nonBoundIs = nonzero((oS.alphas.A > 0) * (oS.alphas.A < C))[0]
            for i in nonBoundIs:
                alphaPairsChanged += innerL(i,oS)
                print ("non-bound, iter: %d i:%d, pairs changed %d" % (iter,i,alphaPairsChanged))
            iter += 1
        if entireSet: entireSet = False #toggle entire set loop
        elif (alphaPairsChanged == 0): entireSet = True  
        print ("iteration number: %d" % iter)
    return oS.b,oS.alphas

测试代码：

基于alphas的值得到超平面：

def calcWs(alphas,dataArr,classLabels):
    X = numpy.mat(dataArr); labelMat = numpy.mat(classLabels).transpose()
    m,n = shape(X)
    w = numpy.zeros((n,1))
    for i in range(m):
        w += numpy.multiply(alphas[i]*labelMat[i],X[i,:].T)
    return w

测试代码：

如果该值大于0，那么其属于1类；如果该值小于0，那么其属于-1类。对于数据点0，应该得到的类别标签是-1

在复杂数据上应用核函数

径向基核函数

核转换函数：

def kernelTrans(X, A, kTup): #calc the kernel or transform data to a higher dimensional space
    m,n = shape(X)
    K = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((m,1)))
    if kTup[0]=='lin': K = X * A.T   #linear kernel
    elif kTup[0]=='rbf':
        for j in range(m):
            deltaRow = X[j,:] - A
            K[j] = deltaRow*deltaRow.T
        K = numpy.exp(K/(-1*kTup[1]**2)) #divide in NumPy is element-wise not matrix like Matlab
    else: raise NameError('Houston We Have a Problem -- \
    That Kernel is not recognized')
    return K

class optStruct:
    def __init__(self,dataMatIn, classLabels, C, toler, kTup):  # Initialize the structure with the parameters 
        self.X = dataMatIn
        self.labelMat = classLabels
        self.C = C
        self.tol = toler
        self.m = shape(dataMatIn)[0]
        self.alphas = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,1)))
        self.b = 0
        self.eCache = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,2))) #first column is valid flag
        self.K = numpy.mat(numpy.zeros((self.m,self.m)))
        for i in range(self.m):
            self.K[:,i] = kernelTrans(self.X, self.X[i,:], kTup)

使用核函数时需要对innerL()以及calcEk()函数进行修改：

def innerL(i, oS):
    Ei = calcEk(oS, i)
    if ((oS.labelMat[i]*Ei < -oS.tol) and (oS.alphas[i] < oS.C)) or ((oS.labelMat[i]*Ei > oS.tol) and (oS.alphas[i] > 0)):
        j,Ej = selectJ(i, oS, Ei) #this has been changed from selectJrand
        alphaIold = oS.alphas[i].copy(); alphaJold = oS.alphas[j].copy();
        if (oS.labelMat[i] != oS.labelMat[j]):
            L = max(0, oS.alphas[j] - oS.alphas[i])
            H = min(oS.C, oS.C + oS.alphas[j] - oS.alphas[i])
        else:
            L = max(0, oS.alphas[j] + oS.alphas[i] - oS.C)
            H = min(oS.C, oS.alphas[j] + oS.alphas[i])
        if L==H: print ("L==H"); return 0
        eta = 2.0 * oS.K[i,j] - oS.K[i,i] - oS.K[j,j] #changed for kernel
        if eta >= 0: print ("eta>=0"); return 0
        oS.alphas[j] -= oS.labelMat[j]*(Ei - Ej)/eta
        oS.alphas[j] = clipAlpha(oS.alphas[j],H,L)
        updateEk(oS, j) #added this for the Ecache
        if (abs(oS.alphas[j] - alphaJold) < 0.00001): print ("j not moving enough"); return 0
        oS.alphas[i] += oS.labelMat[j]*oS.labelMat[i]*(alphaJold - oS.alphas[j])#update i by the same amount as j
        updateEk(oS, i) #added this for the Ecache                    #the update is in the oppostie direction
        b1 = oS.b - Ei- oS.labelMat[i]*(oS.alphas[i]-alphaIold)*oS.K[i,i] - oS.labelMat[j]*(oS.alphas[j]-alphaJold)*oS.K[i,j]
        b2 = oS.b - Ej- oS.labelMat[i]*(oS.alphas[i]-alphaIold)*oS.K[i,j]- oS.labelMat[j]*(oS.alphas[j]-alphaJold)*oS.K[j,j]
        if (0 < oS.alphas[i]) and (oS.C > oS.alphas[i]): oS.b = b1
        elif (0 < oS.alphas[j]) and (oS.C > oS.alphas[j]): oS.b = b2
        else: oS.b = (b1 + b2)/2.0
        return 1
    else: return 0

def calcEk(oS, k):
    fXk = float(numpy.multiply(oS.alphas,oS.labelMat).T*oS.K[:,k] + oS.b)
    Ek = fXk - float(oS.labelMat[k])
    return Ek

在测试中使用核函数

利用核函数进行分类的径向基测试函数：

def testRbf(k1=1.3):
    dataArr,labelArr = loadDataSet('testSetRBF.txt')
    b,alphas = smoP(dataArr, labelArr, 200, 0.0001, 10000, ('rbf', k1)) #C=200 important
    datMat=numpy.mat(dataArr); labelMat = numpy.mat(labelArr).transpose()
    svInd=nonzero(alphas.A>0)[0]
    sVs=datMat[svInd] #get matrix of only support vectors
    labelSV = labelMat[svInd];
    print ("there are %d Support Vectors" % shape(sVs)[0])
    m,n = shape(datMat)
    errorCount = 0
    for i in range(m):
        kernelEval = kernelTrans(sVs,datMat[i,:],('rbf', k1))
        predict=kernelEval.T * numpy.multiply(labelSV,alphas[svInd]) + b
        if numpy.sign(predict)!=numpy.sign(labelArr[i]): errorCount += 1
    print ("the training error rate is: %f" % (float(errorCount)/m))
    dataArr,labelArr = loadDataSet('testSetRBF2.txt')
    errorCount = 0
    datMat=numpy.mat(dataArr); labelMat = numpy.mat(labelArr).transpose()
    m,n = shape(datMat)
    for i in range(m):
        kernelEval = kernelTrans(sVs,datMat[i,:],('rbf', k1))
        predict=kernelEval.T * numpy.multiply(labelSV,alphas[svInd]) + b
        if numpy.sign(predict)!=numpy.sign(labelArr[i]): errorCount += 1    
    print ("the test error rate is: %f" % (float(errorCount)/m))

测试代码：

实战：手写体识别问题回顾

基于SVM的数字识别

收集数据：提供的文本文件。
准备数据：基于二值图像构造向量。
分析数据：对图像向量进行目测。
训练算法：采用两种不同的核函数，并对径向基核函数采用不同的设置来运行SMO算法。
测试算法：编写一个函数来测试不同的核函数并计算错误率。
使用算法：一个图像识别的完整应用还需要一些处理知识。

基于SVM的手写数字识别：

def img2vector(filename):
    returnVect = numpy.zeros((1,1024))
    fr = open(filename)
    for i in range(32):
        lineStr = fr.readline()
        for j in range(32):
            returnVect[0,32*i+j] = int(lineStr[j])
    return returnVect

def loadImages(dirName):
    from os import listdir
    hwLabels = []
    trainingFileList = listdir(dirName)           #load the training set
    m = len(trainingFileList)
    trainingMat = numpy.zeros((m,1024))
    for i in range(m):
        fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
        fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]     #take off .txt
        classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
        if classNumStr == 9: hwLabels.append(-1)
        else: hwLabels.append(1)
        trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('%s/%s' % (dirName, fileNameStr))
    return trainingMat, hwLabels    

def testDigits(kTup=('rbf', 10)):
    dataArr,labelArr = loadImages('trainingDigits')
    b,alphas = smoP(dataArr, labelArr, 200, 0.0001, 10000, kTup)
    datMat=numpy.mat(dataArr); labelMat = numpy.mat(labelArr).transpose()
    svInd=nonzero(alphas.A>0)[0]
    sVs=datMat[svInd] 
    labelSV = labelMat[svInd];
    print ("there are %d Support Vectors" % shape(sVs)[0])
    m,n = shape(datMat)
    errorCount = 0
    for i in range(m):
        kernelEval = kernelTrans(sVs,datMat[i,:],kTup)
        predict=kernelEval.T * numpy.multiply(labelSV,alphas[svInd]) + b
        if numpy.sign(predict)!=numpy.sign(labelArr[i]): errorCount += 1
    print ("the training error rate is: %f" % (float(errorCount)/m))
    dataArr,labelArr = loadImages('testDigits')
    errorCount = 0
    datMat=numpy.mat(dataArr); labelMat = numpy.mat(labelArr).transpose()
    m,n = shape(datMat)
    for i in range(m):
        kernelEval = kernelTrans(sVs,datMat[i,:],kTup)
        predict=kernelEval.T * numpy.multiply(labelSV,alphas[svInd]) + b
        if numpy.sign(predict)!=numpy.sign(labelArr[i]): errorCount += 1    
    print ("the test error rate is: %f" % (float(errorCount)/m))

测试代码：