python学习Day-19

Learning Diary for Python - 19

一、requests的用法

1. requests是Python用于网络(http)请求的第三库，也是爬虫获取网络数据的重要工具

2. 向目标地址(网络地址)发送请求

   requests.get(url,*,headers, proxies, timeout)   -  以指定的方式给地址发送网络请求，返回值是服务器返回的响应对象
   
   url = 'https://search.51job.com/list/000000,000000,0000,00,9,99,数据分析,2,1.html?lang=c&postchannel=0000&workyear=99&cotype=99&degreefrom=99&jobterm=99&companysize=99&ord_field=0&dibiaoid=0&line=&welfare='
   headers = {
       'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36'
   }
   response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
   

   参数	说明
   url	字符串；请求的网络地址，可能是目标网站的网址也可能是数据接口
   headers	字典；请求头，用于伪装浏览器设置user-agent、完成自动登录设置cookie
   proxies	字典；设置代理ip(ip地址被封的时候使用)
   timeout	数字；设置超时时间

3. 获取

# 1. 获取响应头
# print(response.headers)

# 2. 设置响应的编码方式(在获取请求结果乱码的时候使用)
response.encoding = 'gbk'

# 3.获取请求结果
# 1）获取字符串格式的结果(爬网页)
# print(response.text)

# 2) 获取二进制格式的结果(爬图片、视频、音频)
# print(response.content)

# 3)获取json解析的结果(爬接口数据)
# print(response.json())

4.获取图片

import requests

# 1. 对图片地址发送请求
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/img/PCtm_d9c8750bed0b3c7d089fa7d55720d6cf.png'
response = requests.get(url)

# 2. 保存图片数据到本地
open('files/a.png', 'wb').write(response.content)

5.json接口

import requests
import os

url = 'https://game.gtimg.cn/images/lol/act/img/js/heroList/hero_list.js'
response = requests.get(url)

count = 0
for hero in response.json()['hero']:
    print(hero['name'])
    a_url = hero['selectAudio']
    res = requests.get(a_url)
    open(f'files/{os.path.basename(a_url)}', 'bw').write(res.content)
    count += 1
    if count == 10:
        break

二、bs4的用法

# 注意：安装第三方库的时候安装beautifulSoup4而不是bs4
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# 1. 创建BeautifulSoup对象
# BeautifulSoup(html代码, 'lxml')   -  返回网页对象
html = open('files/05css选择器(重要).html').read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')


# 2. 获取标签
# 1) 基于整个网页获取标签
# BeautifulSoup对象.select(css选择器)   -   返回css选择器在整个网页中选中的所有标签；返回值是列表，列表中元素是标签对象
# BeautifulSoup对象.select_one(css选择器)  -  返回css选择器在整个网页中选中的第一个标签，返回值是标签对象
result = soup.select('p')
print(result)

result = soup.select('.c1')
print(result)

result = soup.select('div>p')
print(result)

result = soup.select_one('p')
print(result)

result = soup.select_one('div>p')
print(result)


# 2）基于指定标签获取标签
# 标签对象.select(css选择器)   -   在指定标签中按照选择器选中相关标签
# 标签对象.select_one(css选择器)
div1 = soup.select_one('#box')
result = div1.select('p')
print(result)


# 3.获取标签内容和标签属性值
# 1)获取标签内容：
# 标签对象.text
result = soup.select_one('#p2').text
print(result)   # 我是段落2

result = soup.select_one('#p2').string
print(result)

result = soup.select_one('#p2').contents
print(result)

# 获取所有p标签的标签内容
for p in soup.select('p'):
    print(p.text)

# 2)获取标签属性
# 标签对象.attrs[属性名]
result = soup.select_one('#a1').attrs
print(result)       # {'id': 'a1', 'href': 'https://www.baidu.com'}
result = soup.select_one('#a1').attrs['href']
print(result)       # 'https://www.baidu.com'

result = soup.select_one('img').attrs['src']
print(result)

result = soup.select_one('img').attrs['alt']
print(result)

三、爬取练习

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
from re import *


all_data = []
for i in range(0,250,25):
    url = f'top250?start={i}&filter='
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36'}
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'lxml')
    all_li = soup.select('.grid_view>li')
    n = 0
    for li in all_li:
        n += 1
        # 电影名
        name = li.select_one('.title').text
        result = li.select_one('.bd>p').text.strip().replace(' ', '')
        # 导演
        director = search(r'导演:(.+?)\s', result).group(1)
        #主演
        actor1 = search(r'主演:(.+?)\s', result)
        actor2=actor1.group(1) if actor1!=None else '...'
        # 上映时间
        time = search(r'\n(\d+.*?)\s*/', result).group(1)
        # 国家
        country = search(r'\n\d+.*?/(\D+?)\s*/', result).group(1).strip().replace(' ', '')
        # 类型
        type = search(r'/.+?/\s*(.+?)$', result).group(1)
        # 评分
        score = li.select_one('.rating_num').text
        # 人数
        comment_num = li.select('.star>span')[-1].text
        comment_num = search(r'\d+', comment_num).group()
        # 图片地址
        img_url = li.select_one('.pic img').attrs['src']
        # 保存数据
        print(n)
        all_data.append([name, director,actor2, time, country, type, score, comment_num, img_url])


writer = csv.writer(open('data/电影.csv', 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline=''))
writer.writerow(['电影名称', '导演', '主演', '上映时间', '国家', '类型', '评分', '评论人数', '封面地址'])
writer.writerows(all_data)