Android通信

一、线程间通信

1、Handler

AndroidUI线程不安全,想要更新UI需在主线程中进行,否则会出现异常,Handler机制就是把复杂的处理工作交给子线程完成,然后子线

程通过Handler对象通知主线程,由主线程更新UI

Handler机制最根本目的在于解决多线程并发问题,如果采用加锁处理将导致性能下降

sendMessage()使用方法

-新增Handler对象,并重写handleMessage方法

-在子线程中创建Message对象,指定字段传递数据(也可使用Handler对象的obtainMessage()方法循环使用Message对象)

-调用Handler对象的sendMessage()方法传递Message对象

-在handleMessage()中取出数据,改变UI(也可使用Message对象的sendToTarget()返回)

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView textView;
    private int UPDATE_TEXT = 1;

    private Handler handler = new Handler(){
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            super.handleMessage(msg);
            if(msg.what == UPDATE_TEXT){
                textView.setText("CHANGE");
            }
        }
    };
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
    }

    public void doClick(View view){
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Message message = new Message();
                message.what = UPDATE_TEXT;
                handler.sendMessage(message);
            }
        }).start();
    }


}

指定Callback截获消息

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView textView;

    private Handler handler = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
        @Override
        public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
            textView.setText("Change");
            Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this , "已改变" , Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            return true;//false 不截获 true 截获
        }
    }){
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this , "已发送" , Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    };


    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);

    }

    public void doClick(View v){
        Message message = handler.obtainMessage();

        message.sendToTarget();
    }

}

post()使用方法

-新增Handler对象

-调用Handler对象的post(Runnable)方法

-在子线程中改变UI

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView textView;

    private Handler handler = new Handler();
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
    }

    public void doClick(View view){
       handler.post(new Runnable() {
           @Override
           public void run() {
               textView.setText("CHANGE");
           }
       });
    }
    
}

sendMessageDelayed()&postDelayed()使用方法

-创建Handler对象

-创建Runnable对象

-重写run()方法,改变UI并调用Handler对象的postDelayed(Runnable , long)方法,实现递归

-在主线程调用Handler对象的postDelayed(Runnable , long)方法

-调用Handler对象的removeCallbacks(Runnable)方法,停止循环

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView textView;
    private int i = 0;

    private Handler handler = new Handler();

    Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            textView.setText("CHANGE" + (i++));
            handler.postDelayed(runnable , 1000);
        }
    };
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        textView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);

        handler.postDelayed(runnable , 1000);
    }

}

2、异步消息处理机制

Message：在线程间传递的消息,内部可携带少量信息,除what字段,还可使用arg1,arg2携带整形数据,使用obj字段携带Object对象

Hnadler：用于发送和处理消息

MessageQueue：用于存放Handler发送的消息,这些消息会一直存放在MessageQueue中,等待被处理,每个线程中只有一个                                       MessageQueue

Looper：调用其loop()方法后就会进入无限循环中,每当发现MessageQueue存在一条消息,就会取出并传递到handleMessage()中,                每个线程中只有一个Looper

3、AsyncTask

AsyncTask为Android提供的工具类,便于我们在子线程中对UI进行操作

使用方法

-创建子类继承自AsyncTask类,并指定三个泛型参数

  Params：参数,可用于在后台任务中使用

  Progress：当前进度

  Result：返回值

-构建子类回调方法

  doInBackground()：必须重写,异步执行后台线程将要完成的任务

  onPreExecute()：执行后台耗时操作前调用,完成一些初始化操作

  onProgressUpdate()：在doInBackground()中调用publishProgress()方法更新任务进度后,触发该方法

  onPostExecute()：当doInBackground()完成后,系统自动调用onPostExecute()方法,并将doInBackground()返回值传给该方法

-在UI线程中创建AsyncTask子类实例,并调用AsyncTask子类实例的execute()执行异步加载(不能多次调用)

-调用AsyncTask子类实例的cancel(boolean)方法设置取消异步加载状态标志,在具体操作中使用isCancelled()判断异步加载是否被 

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent">

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/imageView"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent" />

    <ProgressBar
        style="?android:attr/progressBarStyleHorizontal"
        android:id="@+id/pro"
        android:visibility="gone"
        android:layout_centerInParent="true"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="100dp" />

</RelativeLayout>

public class ImageTest extends Activity {

    private ImageView imageView;
    private ProgressBar progressBar;
    private DownloadTask mTask = new DownloadTask();
    private String URL = "https://img-my.csdn.net/uploads/201504/12/1428806103_9476.png";

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_image);

        imageView = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.imageView);
        progressBar = (ProgressBar) findViewById(R.id.pro);

        //执行异步加载
        mTask.execute(URL);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onPause() {
        super.onPause();

        if(mTask != null && mTask.getStatus() == AsyncTask.Status.RUNNING){
            mTask.cancel(true);
        }
    }

    class DownloadTask extends AsyncTask<String , Integer , Bitmap> {

        @Override
        protected void onPreExecute() {
            super.onPreExecute();
            progressBar.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
        }

        @Override
        protected Bitmap doInBackground(String... params) {
            String url = params[0];
            URLConnection urlConnection;
            InputStream is;
            Bitmap bitmap = null;

            try {
                urlConnection = new URL(url).openConnection();
                is = urlConnection.getInputStream();
                BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(is);

                for(int i = 0;i < 100;i ++){
                    if(isCancelled()){
                        break ;
                    }
                    publishProgress(i);
                    Thread.sleep(100);
                }
                bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(bis);
                is.close();
                bis.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return bitmap;
        }

        @Override
        protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) {
            super.onProgressUpdate(values);
            if(isCancelled()){
                return;
            }

            progressBar.setProgress(values[0]);
        }

        @Override
        protected void onPostExecute(Bitmap bitmap) {
            super.onPostExecute(bitmap);
            progressBar.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);

        }

    }
}

二、进程间通信

1、AIDL概述

AIDL(Android Interface Definition Language)是一种接口定义语言，编译器通过.aidl文件的描述信息生成符合通信协议的java代码，通过这种方式可以完成进程间的通信工作

2、区别

AIDL   IPC 多线程 多个应用程序

Binder   只有IPC  没有多线程  多个应用程序

Messenger   只有IPC 没有多线程

3、定义方式

可参考文档AndroidSDK/docs/guide/components/aidl.html

-Create the .aidl file

  创建aidl文件,此文件会默认生成至aidl目录下

  android studio需编译后才能生成对应java接口

  AIDL默认支持的数据类型:

  基本数据类型(除short)、String,CharSequence、List,Map(其中元素必须是支持的数据类型 ,且要求标记指示数据方向 in/out)、

  Parcelable序列化

interface ICalculator {
    /**
     * Demonstrates some basic types that you can use as parameters
     * and return values in AIDL.
     */
    int add(int a1 , int a2);
}

-Implement the interface

  自定义Service类继承Service

  实现自定义aidl接口中的内部抽象类stub

public class IRemoteService extends Service {

    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        return iBinder;
    }

    private IBinder iBinder = new ICalculator.Stub(){

        @Override
        public int add(int a1, int a2) throws RemoteException {
            return a1 + a2;
        }
    };
}

-Expose the interface to clients

  实现自定义Service的onBind方法

<TextView
    android:id="@+id/num1"
    android:text="num1:"
    android:textSize="25sp"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<EditText
    android:id="@+id/et1"
    android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/num1"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<TextView
    android:id="@+id/add"
    android:text="+"
    android:layout_below="@id/et1"
    android:textSize="25sp"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<TextView
    android:id="@+id/num2"
    android:layout_marginTop="5dp"
    android:layout_below="@+id/add"
    android:text="num2:"
    android:textSize="25sp"
    android:layout_width="wrap_content"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<EditText
    android:id="@+id/et2"
    android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/num2"
    android:layout_below="@id/add"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<TextView
    android:id="@+id/equal"
    android:text="="
    android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
    android:layout_below="@id/num2"
    android:textSize="25sp"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<EditText
    android:id="@+id/et3"
    android:layout_below="@id/equal"

    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<Button
    android:id="@+id/bt1"
    android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
    android:text="连接至服务器计算"
    android:layout_marginTop="20dp"
    android:layout_below="@id/et3"
    android:layout_width="200dp"
    android:layout_height="70dp" />

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener{

    private EditText editText1 , editText2 , editText3;
    private Button button;
    private ICalculator iCalculator;

    private ServiceConnection conn = new ServiceConnection() {
        @Override
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {

            iCalculator = ICalculator.Stub.asInterface(service);

        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
            iCalculator = null;

        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        editText1 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.et1);
        editText2 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.et2);
        editText3 = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.et3);
        button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bt1);
        button.setOnClickListener(this);

        BindService();

    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        //ctrl+alt+m
        int num1 = Integer.parseInt(editText1.getText().toString());
        int num2 = Integer.parseInt(editText2.getText().toString());

        try {
            int res = iCalculator.add(num1 , num2);
            editText3.setText(res + "");
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            editText3.setText("ERROR");
        }

    }

    private void BindService() {
        Intent intent = new Intent();
        intent.setComponent(new ComponentName("com.example.lenovo.aidl" , "com.example.lenovo.aidl.IRemoteService"));

        bindService(intent , conn , Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        unbindService(conn);
    }


}

4、AIDL原理

sendMessageDelayed()