第一章 行列式
1.2 三阶行列式
三阶行列式的引入
- 求解三元线性方程组 { a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + a 13 x 3 = b 1 . . . ( 1 ) a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3 = b 2 . . . ( 2 ) a 31 x 1 + a 32 x 2 + a 33 x 3 = b 3 . . . ( 3 ) \left\{\begin{matrix} a_{11}x_{1}+a_{12}x_{2}+a_{13}x_{3}=b_{1}...(1)\\ a_{21}x_{1}+a_{22}x_{2}+a_{23}x_{3}=b_{2}...(2)\\ a_{31}x_{1}+a_{32}x_{2}+a_{33}x_{3}=b_{3}...(3) \end{matrix}\right. ⎩⎨⎧a11x1+a12x2+a13x3=b1...(1)a21x1+a22x2+a23x3=b2...(2)a31x1+a32x2+a33x3=b3...(3)
- 用待定系数消元法 ( 1 ) ∗ u + ( 2 ) ∗ v + ( 3 ) ∗ w (1)*u+(2)*v+(3)*w (1)∗u+(2)∗v+(3)∗w得 { ( a 11 u + a 21 v + a 31 w ) x 1 = b 1 u + b 2 v + b 3 w . . . ( 5 ) a 12 u + a 22 v + a 23 w = 0... ( 6 ) a 13 u + a 23 v + a 33 w = 0... ( 7 ) \left\{\begin{matrix} (a_{11}u+a_{21}v+a_{31}w)x_{1}=b_{1}u+b_{2}v+b_{3}w...(5)\\ a_{12}u+a_{22}v+a_{23}w=0...(6)\\ a_{13}u+a_{23}v+a_{33}w=0...(7) \end{matrix}\right. ⎩⎨⎧(a11u+a21v+a31w)x1=b1u+b2v+b3w...(5)a12u+a22v+a23w=0...(6)a13u+a23v+a33w=0...(7)
- 整理(6)(7)得 { a 12 u w + a 22 v w = − a 23 . . . ( 8 ) a 13 u w + a 23 v w = − a 33 . . . ( 9 ) \left\{\begin{matrix} a_{12}\frac{u}{w} +a_{22}\frac{v}{w}=-a_{23}...(8)\\ a_{13}\frac{u}{w} +a_{23}\frac{v}{w}=-a_{33}...(9) \end{matrix}\right. { a12wu+a22wv=−a23...(8)a13wu+a23wv=−a33...(9)
- 根据二阶行列式得 u w = ∣ − a 32 a 22 − a 33 a 23 ∣ ∣ a 12 a 22 a 13 a 23 ∣ = ∣ a 22 a 23 a 32 a 33 ∣ ∣ a 12 a 13 a 22 a 23 ∣ , v w = ∣ a 12 − a 32 a 13 − a 33 ∣ ∣ a 12 a 22 a 13 a 23 ∣ = − ∣ a 12 a 13 a 32 a 33 ∣ ∣ a 12 a 13 a 32 a 33 ∣ \frac{u}{w} =\frac{\begin{vmatrix} -a_{32}&a_{22}\\ -a_{33}&a_{23} \end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&a_{22}\\ a_{13}&a_{23} \end{vmatrix}} = \frac{\begin{vmatrix} a_{22}&a_{23}\\ a_{32}&a_{33} \end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&a_{13}\\ a_{22}&a_{23} \end{vmatrix}} ,\frac{v}{w} =\frac{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&-a_{32}\\ a_{13}&-a_{33} \end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&a_{22}\\ a_{13}&a_{23} \end{vmatrix}}=-\frac{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&a_{13}\\ a_{32}&a_{33} \end{vmatrix}}{\begin{vmatrix} a_{12}&a_{13}\\ a_{32}&a_{33} \end{vmatrix}} wu=∣∣∣∣a12a13a22a23∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣−a32−a33a22a23∣∣∣∣=