python脚本执行添加参数，ping代码实现案例

目的：

通过命令行的方式执行python程序时，想通过类似c语言主函数传参的方式运行python程序。

方法：

借助python标准库模块sys，即可实现。输入的参数将会传入sys.argv，其实这个是一个列表
通过type(),可以确定：

C:\Users\ice\Desktop>python
Python 3.11.5 (tags/v3.11.5:cce6ba9, Aug 24 2023, 14:38:34) [MSC v.1936 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sys
>>> print("type(sys.argv)")
type(sys.argv)
>>> print(type(sys.argv))
<class 'list'>
>>>

sys.argv[0]默认存储的是该python文件的文件名。也就是说传入的第一个参数将会存储在sys.argv[1]中。
可以通过列表索引的方式访问传入的参数在代码中调用。

案例实现

功能：
执行脚本，
如果没有传入参数，则单次ping某个特定网段的ip。
如果传入参数，则ping传入的ip地址。

逻辑简单实现：

    if len(sys.argv) > 1 :
        #说明有参数传入，因为sys.argv本身长度为1，sys.argv[0]存储了文件名
        ip= sys.argv[1]
        pinger = Pinger(target_host=ip)
        pinger.ping()
    else:
    	#没有参数传入，ping某个子网网段。

效果：

具体ping代码，通过socket实现，参考：https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1846299

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os
import argparse
import socket
import struct
import select
import time
import sys

ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST = 8 # Platform specific
DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 0.1
DEFAULT_COUNT = 4

class Pinger(object):
    """ Pings to a host -- the Pythonic way"""
    def __init__(self, target_host, count=DEFAULT_COUNT, timeout=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        self.target_host = target_host
        self.count = count
        self.timeout = timeout

    def do_checksum(self, source_string):
        """  Verify the packet integritity """
        sum = 0
        max_count = (len(source_string)/2)*2
        count = 0
        while count < max_count:
            val = source_string[count + 1]*256 + source_string[count]
            sum = sum + val
            sum = sum & 0xffffffff
            count = count + 2

        if max_count<len(source_string):
            sum = sum + ord(source_string[len(source_string) - 1])
            sum = sum & 0xffffffff

        sum = (sum >> 16)  +  (sum & 0xffff)
        sum = sum + (sum >> 16)
        answer = ~sum
        answer = answer & 0xffff
        answer = answer >> 8 | (answer << 8 & 0xff00)
        return answer

    def receive_pong(self, sock, ID, timeout):
        """
        Receive ping from the socket.
        """
        time_remaining = timeout
        while True:
            start_time = time.time()
            readable = select.select([sock], [], [], time_remaining)
            time_spent = (time.time() - start_time)
            if readable[0] == []: # Timeout
                return
            time_received = time.time()
            recv_packet, addr = sock.recvfrom(1024)
            icmp_header = recv_packet[20:28]
            type, code, checksum, packet_ID, sequence = struct.unpack("bbHHh", icmp_header)
            if packet_ID == ID:
                bytes_In_double = struct.calcsize("d")
                time_sent = struct.unpack("d", recv_packet[28:28 + bytes_In_double])[0]
                return time_received - time_sent

            time_remaining = time_remaining - time_spent
            if time_remaining <= 0:
                return
    def send_ping(self, sock,  ID):
        """
        Send ping to the target host
        """
        target_addr  =  socket.gethostbyname(self.target_host)
        my_checksum = 0
        # Create a dummy heder with a 0 checksum.
        header = struct.pack("bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, my_checksum, ID, 1)
        bytes_In_double = struct.calcsize("d")
        data = (192 - bytes_In_double) * "Q"
        data = struct.pack("d", time.time()) + bytes(data.encode('utf-8'))
        # Get the checksum on the data and the dummy header.
        my_checksum = self.do_checksum(header + data)
        header = struct.pack(
        "bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, socket.htons(my_checksum), ID, 1)
        packet = header + data
        sock.sendto(packet, (target_addr, 1))

    def ping_once(self):
        """
        Returns the delay (in seconds) or none on timeout.
        """
        icmp = socket.getprotobyname("icmp")
        try:
            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, icmp)
        except socket.error as e:
            if e.errno == 1:
                # Not superuser, so operation not permitted
                e.msg +=  "ICMP messages can only be sent from root user processes"
                raise socket.error(e.msg)
        except Exception as e:
            print("Exception: %s" %(e))

        my_ID = os.getpid() & 0xFFFF

        self.send_ping(sock, my_ID)
        delay = self.receive_pong(sock, my_ID, self.timeout)
        sock.close()
        return delay

    def ping(self):
        """
        Run the ping process
        """
        for i in range(self.count):
            print ("Ping to %s..." % self.target_host,)
            try:
                delay  =  self.ping_once()
            except socket.gaierror as e:
                print ("Ping failed. (socket error: '%s')" % e[1])
                break

            if delay  ==  None:
                print ("Ping failed. (timeout within %ssec.)" % self.timeout)
            else:
                delay = delay * 1000
                print("Get pong in %0.4fms" % delay)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    alive = []
    if len(sys.argv) > 1 :
        ip = sys.argv[1]
        pinger = Pinger(target_host=ip)
        pinger.ping()
    else:
        host_prefix = '192.168.171.'
        #     alive.append(host_prefix)
        for i in range(1, 255):
            host = host_prefix + str(i)
            pinger = Pinger(target_host=host)
            delay = pinger.ping_once()
            if delay == None:
                print("Ping %s 失败，超时2秒" % host)
            else:
                print("ping %s = %s ms" % (host, round(delay * 1000, 4)))
                alive.append(host)
        time.sleep(0.5)